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Chapter 3: Native Texans

Chapter 3: Native Texans . Texas History. The Ancient Texans. As early as 35,000 years ago, people migrated to the Western Hemisphere Came over a land bridge that connected Siberia and Alaska The Bering Strait now separates the two Archaeologists

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Chapter 3: Native Texans

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  1. Chapter 3: Native Texans Texas History

  2. The Ancient Texans • As early as 35,000 years ago, people migrated to the Western Hemisphere • Came over a land bridge that connected Siberia and Alaska • The Bering Straitnow separates the two • Archaeologists • Scientist who study evidence of past human activity • Artifacts • Ancient tools, artwork, human and animal bones, pottery, baskets, shells, etc.

  3. A Timeline Through History • Stone Age • More than 10,000 years ago • Hunted mastodon, mammoths and giant bison • Spears, Darts, Atlatl: notched throwing stick • Archaic Age • 8,000 years ago • Warmer and drier • People hunted smaller game • Better tools: axe, picks, drills, choppers, grinding tools • Hunters become farmers • 100 A.D. crops were grown in Texas: peanuts, corn, squash, cotton • People Settled in one place • More complex societies: craft workers, warriors, political and religious leaders, farmers

  4. Different Cultures Emerge • Anthropologist: scientist who studies the origin, movement and way of life of humans. • The early people developed into distinct Cultures-all the ways groups of people express and conduct themselves. • When the Europeans arrived, there were 4 separate cultural groups living in what is now Texas • Southeastern Cultures • Gulf Cultures • Pueblo Cultures • Plain Cultures

  5. South Eastern and Gulf Cultures • The Caddos • 24 Groups • Confederacies: larger associations that joined the groups • Matrilineal: traced lineage through their mothers • 2 leaders: War/Peace and religions affairs • Excellent fisherman: used a trotline (a long, heavy fishing line that had several baited hooks attached) • Fought Europeans and other Native Americans (with the exception of the French) • The center of the trade network was Cahokia, located near present day St. Louis, Missouri.

  6. South Eastern and Gulf Cultures Cont. • The Coahuiltecans • Hunted deer, bison and javelina (small animal that looks like a wild boar) • Lived on worms, lizards and plants when food was scarce • Equal status among all, and all worked • Shamans: believed to have the power to summon spirits and sure the sick • When Texas became part of the U.S., very few Coahuiltecans were still alive.

  7. South Eastern and Gulf Cultures Cont. • The Karankawas • Lived on the small islands between Galveston and Corpus Christi Bays. • Used canoes to catch fish and turtles • By the mid 1800’s, most Karankawas were displaced or killed. • The Wichitas • Women had positions of leadership • Often at war, but had peace with the French traders • Began to trade with the Spaniards as well, and in return the fighting between the two stopped

  8. Pueblo and Plains Cultures • Jumanos • Jumanos acted as middlemen between eastern farming tribes and western Pueblo people. • Traded agricultural products for animal skins and meats • Had distinctive striped tattoos on their face, which made it easy for a member of another tribe to recognize them as a peaceful trader • Lived in a house made of sundried earth and straw called adobe. • The mild and dry climate allowed these houses to last for years.

  9. Pueblo and Plains Cultures • Tiguas • Moved to Ysleta (near present day El Paso), after a revolt by Pueblo people in New Mexico in 1680 • Matrilineal: home and land belonged to mothers clan

  10. Plains Cultures • The people of the plains became outstanding hunters in times of peace, and dangerous foes in war • Tonkawas • Lived on SE edge of the Edwards Plateau, near present day Austin. • Hunted deer, rabbits, snakes and turtles • Often fought with the Apaches and Comanches over hunting grounds

  11. Plains Cultures Cont. • Apaches • Speak anAthapaskanlanguage similar to languages spoken in Canada and Alaska • Ancestors are traced from the far north • Spent most years in warfare • Comanches • Comancheria: vast land of Comanche territory • Life centered on hunting and war • Eventually controlled most land that was once controlled by the Apache. • Fought to take the horses of their enemies, a most prized possession to a Comanche warrior.

  12. Plains Cultures Cont. • The Kiowas • Allies of the Comanches • Nomadic, and were always prepared to move quickly • Nomad: Members of a group that wander from place to place. • Families lived in Tepees: tanned hides • The horse, tepee and buffalo were very important elements of their culture • Held ceremonies and festivals every season • The annual sun dance in June was thought to bring happiness, buffalo and victory in war.

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