FINAL WORK

1. FINAL WORK • Members. • Iván Palma. • FabianQuimiz • Alex Perez • AngelChicaiza TECHNICAL ENGLISH NINTH LEVEL

2. How to connect to the internet • Quite a few members of the Institute are now using email for communication, and others are happily using the Internet for information. The IFST web site is packed with information , including full texts of all Position Statements, and details of forthcoming events. Some of the members have even developed their own web sites. Many other members may be thinking about taking the plunge. As time goes on more and more communication will be done electronically, both generally, and within the Institute. The SIG would like to encourage this, and has run two introductory courses already. This article is the first of what could be a regular contribution to Keynote to help any members who wish to set themselves up to use email and the Internet. • The basic requirements are a computer, a modem, a phone line, and a contract with an Internet Service Provider (ISP).

3. Computer - Generally any computer purchased in the last three years, particularly a Pentium, should have no problems in supporting the software you need to install. Older machines such as a 486 with only 8Mb RAM do work, but you may want to upgrade the amount of RAM and your hard disk capacity. Before doing this I would recommend you look at starting afresh with one of the fantastic bargains in the computer stores at the moment. These are designed for the job, and will also come with Windows 95, so you will be able to install whatever software you need. I think increased RAM and hard disk capacity are more important than processor speed in this instance. Apple Mac can do the job just as well, but may be more expensive, and software is generally more available for PCs running Windows 95 (or 98).

4. Modem - This converts your digital computer information into analogue telephone signals. Choose the fastest modem that your ISP can handle. The faster you transfer data the shorter time you are using your phone! To begin with I would forget ISDN, and use a traditional modem. Those designed for the new 56kbs standard are likely to be the fastest you can get for a standard phone line in the near future. Most ISPs are upgrading to this new standard, so start there if you can. Check what your chosen ISP can support (see below). If this is not available, settle for a 33kbs, or even 28kbs (cheaper but slower). Ensure that anything you get will be upgradable, to ensure it can keep pace increasing system speeds. I like an external modem where I can watch it blinking as it transfers data to and from the Internet. Many manufactures now build them into the computer. If you buy a computer get them to add a modem for you so that you don't have to worry about compatibility. • Phone Line - This may be your biggest expense after the equipment. If you end up using it a lot you may decide on a second line in the future. Find out how to get the lowest charges. The cable companies are trying to survive in competition with BT, and they often give special deals to connect you with any ISP who uses their phones. It could replace your mother as your highest discount BT connection (Friends and Family). To save phone costs, go on-line to send or retrieve e-mails, then go off-line to read them.

5. Internet Service Provider (ISP) - Your ISP has a permanent connection to the Internet, and when your modem talks to their modem over the phone line, it connects you to the Internet for the duration of the phone call. The lights on your modem display show the progress of the transfer of information in both directions. Usually you can buy a few hours of Internet connection per month for £40 - £60/year), which is enough for email use and a bit of surfing. If you find you want the freedom to roam the Internet, you can have unlimited access time, and even disc space on their computer for your own web site, for £90 to £150/yr . Ask your friends if they can recommend a good ISP in your area. You can usually get a free trial. There are small local, and big national ISPs. Internet Magazine publishes a review of ISPs every month so you can see how it rates their speed and availability. Make sure any ISP has a dial-in number for your local phone area - and if you travel around with a laptop, choose an ISP which provides a special phone number which lets you access the Internet at local call rates from anywhere in the UK. Some ISPs can also supply a service which provides local call access all over the world. Support is important when you are starting up, and a local ISP can sometimes be more approachable. If you want to try any of them, they will usually provide a CD or floppy disk which will install the software and information you need to connect to the Internet.

6. INTERNET SOFTWARE

7. E-MAIL Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, simply mail, or the original eMail, is a store-and-forward method of writing, sending, receiving and saving messages over electronic communication systems. The term "e-mail" (as a noun or verb) applies to the Internet e-mail system based on the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, to network systems based on other protocols and to various mainframe, minicomputer, or intranet systems allowing users within one organization to send messages to each other in support of workgroupcollaboration. Intranet systems may be based on proprietary protocols supported by a particular systems vendor, or on the same protocols used on public networks. E-mail is often used to deliver bulk unsolicited messages, or "spam", but filter programs exist which can automatically block, quarantine or delete some or most of these, depending on the situation.

8. WEB BROWSER • A web browser is a software application which enables a user to display and interact with text, images, videos, music and other information typically located on a Web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network. Text and images on a Web page can contain hyperlinks to other Web pages at the same or different website. Web browsers allow a user to quickly and easily access information provided on many Web pages at many websites by traversing these links. Web browsers format HTML information for display, so the appearance of a Web page may differ between browsers. • Some of the Web browsers currently available for personal computers include Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Konqueror, Opera, Flock, Internet Explorer, Epiphany, K-Meleon and AOL Explorer.[2] Web browsers are the most commonly used type of HTTPuser agent. Although browsers are typically used to access the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by Web servers in private networks or content in file systems.

9. FTP SOFTWARE • FTP Software was a software company incorporated in 1986 by James van Bokkelen, John Romkey (author of the MIT PC/IP package), Nancy Connor, Roxanne van Bokkelen (nee Ritchie), Dave Bridgham and several other founding shareholders. It was the first of many companies to name themselves after an Internet protocol. Their main product was PC/TCP, a full-featured, standards-compliant TCP/IP package for DOS. Initially the protocol stacks were linked into individual application executables, but by 1989 all PC/TCP applications shared a TSRkernel, which itself (initially) used built-in network interface drivers, and (later) TSR Packet Drivers. • The company had a good run, but suffered greatly from both internal and external pressures. It had grown rapidly and repeatedly moved physically farther away from its roots at MIT. The founders, though technically adept, were inexperienced as managers. They suffered from in-fighting, epitomized in a public divorce between two of the founders. The company went public in 1993, and maintained profitable growth through 1995, as a dominant supplier of TCP stacks for x86-based machines. When Microsoft included a TCP stack at no extra cost in Windows 95 (as has become standard with all operating systems), FTP lost a significant revenue source. Due to management (which by that time was mostly non-founders) failing to adequately prepare for the transition into supplying network-using applications, FTP was not able meet Wall Street's expectations and its stock price declined sharply. • In May 1996 FTP software announced it was providing Microsoft with various technology for Internet Explorer 2.0 for Windows 3.1, including a PPP network, 16-bit email client, and other technology.

10. Videoconference • A videoconference (also known as a videoteleconference) is a set of interactive telecommunicationtechnologies which allow two or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously. It has also been called visual collaboration and is a type of groupware. It differs from videophone in that it is designed to serve a conference rather than individuals

11. Telnet • TELNET (TELecommunication NETwork) is a network protocol used on the Internet or local area network (LAN) connections. It was developed in 1969 beginning with RFC 15 and standardized as IETFSTD 8, one of the first Internet standards. • The term telnet also refers to software which implements the client part of the protocol. TELNET clients are available for virtually all platforms. Most network equipment and OSs with a TCP/IP stack support some kind of TELNET service server for their remote configuration (including ones based on Windows NT). Because of security issues with TELNET, its use has waned as it is replaced by the use of SSH for remote access. • "To telnet" is also used as a verb meaning to establish or use a TELNET or other interactive TCP connection, as in, "To change your password, telnet to the server and run the passwd command". • Most often, a user will be telnetting to a Unix-like server system or a simple network device such as a router. For example, a user might "telnet in from home to check his mail at school". In doing so, he would be using a telnet client to connect from his computer to one of his servers. Once the connection is established, he would then log in with his account information and execute operating system commands remotely on that computer, such as ls or cd. • On many systems, the client may also be used to make interactive raw-TCP sessions. It is commonly believed that a telnet session which does not include an IAC (character 255) is functionally identical. This is not the case however due to special NVT (Network Virtual Terminal) rules such as the requirement for a bare CR (ASCII 13) to be followed by a NULL (ASCII 0).

12. IRC • Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a form of real-time Internetchat or synchronous conferencing. It is mainly designed for group comunication in discussion forums called channels, but also allows one-to-one communication via private message, as well as chat and data transfers via Direct Client-to-Client. • IRC was created by JarkkoOikarinen in late August 1988 to replace a program called MUT (MultiUsertalk) on a BBS called OuluBox in Finland. Oikarinen found inspiration in a chat system known as Bitnet Relay, which operated on the BITNET. • IRC gained prominence[citation needed] when it was used to report on the Soviet coup attempt of 1991 throughout a media blackout. It was previously used in a similar fashion during the Iraqi invasion. Relevant logs are available from ibiblio archive[1]. • IRC clientsoftware is available for virtually every computer operating system.

13. Web Page • A Web page or webpage is a resource of information that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser. This information is usually in HTML or XHTML format, and may provide navigation to other web pages via hypertextlinks. • Web pages may be retrieved from a local computer or from a remote web server. The web server may restrict access only to a private network, e.g. a corporate intranet, or it may publish pages on the World Wide Web. Web pages are requested and served from web servers using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). • Web pages may consist of files of static text stored within the web server's file system (static web pages), or the web server may construct the (X)HTML for each web page when it is requested by a browser (dynamic web pages). Client-side scripting can make web pages more responsive to user input once in the client browser.