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烟酸 ( Nicotinic Acid )、 烟酰胺 和 NAD + [Co I] 、 NADP + [Co II]

烟酸 ( Nicotinic Acid )、 烟酰胺 和 NAD + [Co I] 、 NADP + [Co II]. 又称 Vit PP ,或 抗糙皮病(癞皮病)维生素 ,是含 N 杂环吡啶,体内主要以 烟酰胺 形式存在。

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烟酸 ( Nicotinic Acid )、 烟酰胺 和 NAD + [Co I] 、 NADP + [Co II]

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  1. 烟酸(Nicotinic Acid)、烟酰胺和NAD+ [Co I]、NADP+[Co II] • 又称Vit PP,或抗糙皮病(癞皮病)维生素,是含N杂环吡啶,体内主要以烟酰胺形式存在。 • 烟酰胺是CoI和CoII的组成成分,CoI为烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸[Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, NAD]、CoII为烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸[Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate, NADP]。生物体脱氢酶类的辅酶,起携带和传递氢的作用。 • 缺乏:引起癞皮病、口腔炎、舌炎、腹痛、腹泻、痴呆、神经紊乱等。

  2. 烟酸和烟酰胺 尼克酸[nicotinic acid] [pyridine-3-carboxylic acid] 尼克酰胺[nicotinamide] [3-pyridinecarboxylic acid amide]

  3. Nicotinic Acid • Niacin、vitamin B3、niacinamide、antipellagra vitamin • Both form are active: the free acid and the amide • Sources: organ meat (largest source), fish, yeast, dried fruit, nuts, cereal grains, some vegetables • Pellagra-inducing diets: corn meal, corn starch, sweet potatoes, rice, syrup, pork fat

  4. Biochemical Function In the older literature NAD+ is referred to as DPN or coenzyme I,NADP+ is referred to as TPN or coenzyme II。

  5. NADH和NADPH

  6. NAD+/NADH的紫外吸收

  7. 以NAD+和NADP+为 辅酶的脱氢酶

  8. 烟酸的作用 • 缺乏:生长迟缓、发育停滞、脂肪肝以及包括溃疡在内的胃肠紊乱--黑舌病。 • 尼克酰胺能抑制胰腺癌的发展,给仓鼠注射致胰腺癌物后,给以尼克酰胺治疗,发现癌症的发展受到抑制。尼克酰胺与叶酸一样能刺激受损的DNA的修复。

  9. 糙皮病【Pellagra】 • Early stages: • Anorexia(厌食) • Indigestion(消化不良) • Muscle weakness(肌无力) • Reddened skin(红皮肤) • Rough skin(皮肤粗糙) • Advanced stages • 3 D’s of pellagra: Dermatitis(皮炎), Diarrhea(腹泻), Dementia(痴呆)

  10. Sparing Action of Tryptophan Tryptophan can substitute for niacin: 60 mg of tryptophan is equivalent to 1 mg of niacin; 60 gm of protein contains 600 mg of tryptophan which then represent 10 mg of niacin。 甲酰犬尿氨酸 血管紧张肽原酶 3-羟基氨基苯甲酸 3-羟基犬尿氨酸

  11. 维生素B6和磷酸吡哆醛 • 抗皮炎维生素,吡啶衍生物,包括吡哆醛[pyridoxal]、吡哆醇[pyridoxin, pyridoxol]吡哆胺(pyridoxamine),生物体内往往以磷酸酯形式发挥作用。 • 与氨基酸代谢密切相关,是转氨酶、脱羧酶的辅酶,还参与氨基酸的消旋作用。 • 缺乏引起呕吐、中枢神经兴奋、惊厥、低色素性贫血。 • 植物中分布广,谷类外皮中尤为丰富。

  12. Pyridoxine [Vit B6] A pyridine derivative

  13. Other Forms of B6 Collectively, pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine are known as vitamin B6

  14. 维生素B6与磷酸

  15. Pyridoxal Phosphate Biochemical functions: • Decarboxylation of amino acids • Transaminase reactions • Racemization reactions(消旋作用) • Conversion of tryptophan to niacin • Conversion of linoleic acid(亚油酸) into arachidonic acid (prostaglandin precursor) • Formation of sphingolipids

  16. VB6与氨基酸代谢

  17. Pyridoxine Antagonists 环丝氨酸(抗结核药) 肼苯哒嗪(降压药) 异烟肼(抗结核药) 青霉胺(治疗风湿药)

  18. Pyridoxine Can Antagonize The Antiparkinsonian Use of L-DOPA

  19. 维B6缺乏与维B6药用价值 • B6缺乏导致体重下降和贫血。 • B6缺乏会削弱免疫功能,B6缺乏不能抵抗病毒而成为易感染动物。大剂量维B6能抑制黑色瘤细胞(通常为恶性)的增长。认为维生素B6可能作用于细胞膜,增强细胞膜防御致癌物。 • 有报告认为VitB6能延长癌症患者的存活率,与增强患者的免疫功能有关。

  20. 生物素(Biotin)和生物胞素(Biocytin) • 由噻吩环和尿素结合而成的双环化合物,侧链上有一戊酸。对一些微生物如酵母、细菌的生长有强烈的促进作用。动物缺乏时毛发脱落、皮肤发炎。吃鸡蛋清(含抗生物素蛋白avidin)过多或长期口服抗菌素易造成缺乏。肝、肾、蛋黄、酵母、蔬菜、谷类等分布广泛。 • 生物素与细胞内的CO2固定或羧化作用有关,是很多需要ATP的羧化酶的辅基,起羧基的载体作用。 • 生物素与酶蛋白结合的Lys可以一起被洗下来,得到生物素酰Lys,即生物胞素,生物素的羧基与Lys的氨基以酰胺键结合。

  21. 生物素(Biotin)

  22. Biotin • Biochemical role: carbon dioxide fixation • Two step process: • Binding of CO2 to biotin – N-carboxybiotin • Transfer of CO2 to a substrate • Activation of biotin requires enzyme, CO2, ATP and Mg++

  23. Biotin-dependent Enzymes • Pyruvate carboxylase (synthesis of oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis and replenishment of the citric acid cycle) • Acetyl CoA carboxylase (fatty acid biosynthesis) • And other carboxylases

  24. Reactions Involving Biotin Enzymes

  25. 生物胞素(Biocytin)及生物素与羧化

  26. 生物素缺乏 VH(生物素)缺乏症早期的临床症状主要是鳞状皮炎,当长期使用抗生素抑制肠道微生物合成维生素时,才出现生物素缺乏症。

  27. 泛酸(Pantothenic Acid) 又名遍多酸,意为“到处都有”,也有称Vit B3或Vit B5。由二羟基二甲基丁酸(泛解酸 pantoic acid)和-丙氨酸通过酰胺键结合而成。各种动植物、细菌、酵母和人类生长所必需,但植物和许多微生物能合成泛酸。缺乏时会导致肠胃炎症和皮肤角质化,蜕皮,脱毛等。

  28. Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) First recognized in 1933 as a growth factor for yeast (Roger J. Williams)

  29. Pantothenic Acid • A yellow viscous oil (free acid) • Stable to moist heat (not to dry heat) and to oxidizing and reducing agents • Hydrolyzed in acid or alkaline medium • Sources : liver, kidney, eggs, lean beef, milk, molasses, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, peanuts, sweet potatoes, kale (derive its name fromeverywhere)

  30. 辅酶A(Coenzyme A, CoA) 几乎所有泛酸都用以构成CoA,CoA由等分子泛酸、氨基乙硫醇、焦磷酸及3-AMP组成。CoA主要起传递酰基作用,是酰基转移酶的辅酶,携带乙酰时为乙酰CoA,是糖、脂、蛋白质(氨基酸)等进入TCA的必经之路,也是一些生物合成碳架的载体,在代谢中起重要作用。

  31. 泛酸与辅酶A

  32. 乙酰CoA在代谢中的作用 蛋白质 合成脂肪酸和脂类 氨基酸 糖 生成酮体 酮体 合成固醇 类化合物 脂 植物及微生物中生糖

  33. 叶酸(Folic Acid)和四氢叶酸(Tetrahydrofolic Acid) 1935年在肝脏及酵母菌中,发现一种可抗猴子贫血的物质,称为维生素M。1939年,又在肝脏中发现一种可抗小鸡贫血的物质,被称为维生素Bc。1940年,一种可促进乳酸菌生长的物质被发现,同年此种生长促进物质被发现可促进链球菌的生长,被命名为叶酸(Folic acid)或抗贫血维生素。缺乏时表现为生长不良及各种贫血症。植物绿叶中大量存在。为2-氨基-4-羟基-6-甲基蝶呤,又称蝶酰谷氨酸,去掉Glu会失去维生素作用。

  34. Also known as folacin, vitamin M and pteroylglutamic acid widely distributed in leaves (foliage) of plants Chemically composed of pteroic acid (pteridine and PABA) and glutamic acid

  35. Macrocytic [megaloblastic] Anemia

  36. 叶酸和四氢叶酸

  37. 叶酸与一碳单位

  38. Folic acid Biochemical functions • one carbon fragment transfer (formyl, methyl, hydroxymethyl) • conversion of homocysteine to methionine • conversion of serine to glycine • synthesis of thymidylic acid • synthesis of purines (de novo) • histdine metabolism • synthesis of glycine

  39. Purine Carbons Derived via FOLATE

  40. 氨甲喋呤(METHOTREXATE) Inhibits enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) which is necessary for maintaining pool of reduced folates required for DNA synthesis

  41. METHOTREXATE • also known as amethopterin or MTX • a potent inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase which catalyzes the conversion of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA) • THFA acts as an acceptor of a one-carbon unit from either formate or formaldehyde • 5-formyl THFA is also known as folinic acid or the citrovorum factor (leucovorin)

  42. METHOTREXATE • THFA one-carbon carriers are important in the synthesis of purines, thymine, choline, and other important cellular constituents • MTX is used in treating acute lymphocytic leukemia in children, choriocarcinoma(绒毛膜瘤), osteogenic sarcoma(骨癌), carcinomas of the head, neck(头颈癌), bladder(膀胱癌) and testis(睾丸癌) • in lower doses: treatment of psoriasis(牛皮癣、银屑病) and rheumatoid arthritis(风湿性关节炎)

  43. 叶酸与甲基转移

  44. 叶酸的作用 • 体内叶酸在还原酶作用下被还原为二氢及四氢叶酸(THFA,FH4),四氢叶酸简称辅酶F,各种生物合成反应中起转移和利用一碳单位(-CH3,-CH2-,-CH=,-CH=O,-CH=NH,-CH2OH),在嘌呤、嘧啶、核苷酸、Ser、Met等合成中起重要作用。 • 叶酸与核酸合成有关,是骨髓巨红细胞和白细胞成熟和分裂所必需,临床用于治疗巨红细胞贫血和血小板减少等。

  45. 叶酸及其缺乏 • 子宫颈癌患者血中叶酸水平低于非癌症组,服叶酸组宫颈情况有明显改善,口服避孕药的妇女应注意通过饮食补充叶酸,或在医生指导下服用适量叶酸。 • 叶酸缺乏并不罕见,如吸烟、酗酒、口服避孕药、怀孕或哺乳等,均易患叶酸缺乏症。缺乏叶酸可影响上皮细胞变性最后导致子宫颈癌。补充叶酸,能使被损害的DNA较快地恢复正常。最好的途经是食补。富含叶酸的食物有:菠菜、肝、马铃薯、鸡蛋,柠檬、香蕉、草莓、柑桔和鲜柑桔汁等,还有花生酱和全麦面包。

  46. 维生素B12 1929年有人用猪肝来治疗恶性贫血,分离肝脏层析上层液得到一种红色结晶化合物--维生素B12,与造血功能有关。1955年,才完全了解其化学结构为氰钴胺素(Cyanocobalmin),或动物蛋白因子。 分子中含Co和CN,Co以配位键连着一个CN,分子一部分为与卟呤环相似的咕呤环,环中心有一3价的Co,另一部分为5,6-二甲基苯并咪唑核苷酸,是一种抗恶性贫血因子,为红细胞正常成熟和生长所必需。通常以辅酶形式参与代谢作用,参与的酶促反应有两类:参与某些化合物重排;参与某些化合物甲基化。

  47. Vitamin B12

  48. 维生素B12[氰钴胺素]

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