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Physical Development and the Senses. Physical development: Peak of physical capabilities Brain wave patterns show: Senses are peak Most professional athletes at peak:. Physical Fitness. Superior physical capabilities require exercise and diet No more than 10% Americans exercise:
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Physical Development and the Senses • Physical development: • Peak of physical capabilities • Brain wave patterns show: • Senses are peak • Most professional athletes at peak:
Physical Fitness • Superior physical capabilities require exercise and diet • No more than 10% Americans exercise: • Less than 20% participate:
Benefits of Exercise • Cardiovascular fitness increase • Lung capacity increases, raising endurance • Stronger muscles and greater flexibility • Greater range of movement • More elasticity in muscles, tendons, and ligaments • Reduction in osteoporosis • Optimization of immune response • Decreased stress level • Increased sense of control over their bodies and feeling of accomplishment
One of the Best Pay-Offs: Longevity Greater fitness level = lower the death rate
Health • Leading causes of death among young adults (ages 25-34) are: * * * * * * • Gender and SES differences
Secondary Aging • Lifestyle decisions, including the use—or abuse: • This can also increase a young adult’s risk of dying
Stress and Coping in Early Adulthood • STRESS: Response to events that threaten or challenge an individual • Pleasant events and unpleasant events • Long-term, continuous exposure:
Lazarus and Folkman • People move through series of stages that determine whether or not they will experience stress • PRIMARY APPRAISAL • SECONDARY APPRAISAL
Predicting Stressful Event(Shelly Taylor, 1991) • Negative emotions • Uncontrollable or unpredictable situations • Ambiguous and confusing situations • Simultaneously tasks demands
Consequences of Stress • PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS • SOMATOFORM DISORDERS • COPING
Styles of Coping • Problem-focused coping • Emotion-focused coping • Social support coping • Defense coping involves
Hardiness, Resilience, and Coping • Hardiness is a personality characteristic associated with lower rate of stress-related illness • Resilience is ability to withstand, overcome, and actually thrive following profound adversity • Optimistic vs. pessimistic explanatory style
The Informed Consumer of Development Coping with Stress: General Guidelines • Seek control over the situation producing the stress • Redefine “threat” as “challenge” • Find social support • Use relaxation techniques
Postformal Thought • GieselaLabouvie-Vief • Adult predicaments are sometimes solved by relativistic thinking rather than pure logic • Postformal thought acknowledges that world sometimes lacks purely right and wrong solutions:
K. Warner Schaie • ACQUISITIVE STAGE • ACHIEVING STAGE • RESPONSIBLE STAGE • EXECUTIVE STAGE • REINTEGRATIVE STAGE 457
Creativity: Novel Thought in EarlyAdulthood • CREATIVITY • Early adulthood • Peak of creativity • Many of professional problems are novel • Willing to take risks • Fluid vs. Crystallized intelligence
Life Events and Cognitive Development • Major life events may lead to cognitive growth • Think about the world in novel, more complex, sophisticated, and often less rigid ways • Apply postformal thought (Labouvie-Vief)
Higher Education College is period of developmental growth that encompasses mastery not just of particular bodies of knowledge, but of ways of understanding world.
College: Pursuing Higher Education • Nationwide, a minority of high school graduates enter college • Only about 40% of those who start graduate from college in 4 years • Influenced by race and gender variables
Who goes to college? • 40% of college students today are 25 years of age or older • Average age of a community college student is 31 • College degree is becoming increasingly important in obtaining and keeping job • Absolute number of minority students enrolled in college has increased BUT overall proportion of minority population has decreased over past decade
Consequences Proportion of students who enter college but ultimately never graduate is substantial! 465
Why is there a gender gap in college attendance? Will it continue? • Men have more opportunities to: • More women:
The Changing College Student: Never Too Late to Go to College? • According to Sherry Willis, adults return to college for several reasons: • To understand their own aging • To keep up with rapid technological and cultural advances • To combat obsolescence on the job • To acquire new vocational skills • To broaden their intellectual skills
College Adjustment: Reacting to the Demands of College Life • First year adjustment reaction • Particularly affects unusually successful students in high school • Passes for most as friends made and integration into college life occurs • Serious psychological consequences for few
The Informed Consumer of Development When Do College Students Need Professional Help with Their Problems? • Psychological distress that lingers and interferes with a person’s sense of well-being and ability to function • Feelings that one is unable to cope effectively with the stress • Hopeless or depressed feelings • Inability to build close relationships with others • Physical symptoms • 2nd Floor – College Center
Depression in College Students Why people visit a college counseling center
Stereotype Threat and Disidentification with School African Americans don’t do well in academic pursuits. Women lack ability in math and science.
Steele Research • Women and African Americans perform less well in college • Academic disidentification
The Great Gender Divide During 1st year of college, men are more likely to view themselves as above average in several academic areas.
Dropping Out of College Half of all students drop out of college • Marriage, children, or death of family member • Academic difficulties • Financial difficulties • Time off to mature
As people move into young adulthood, the need to know when to conform to social situations becomes important.The simulations on the next few slides will provide a way for you to participate in a reenactment of a famous conformity study.
