Year 12 revision Lesson 5 A ttachment

1. Year 12 revisionLesson 5Attachment Countdown to exams Paper 1

2. Research methods These questions can be on BOTH papers You need a calculator for both papers. Check the specification to ensure you are confident with the maths elements expected of you.

3. When………?

4. AS Level Exam 2018

5. Remember to date this. RED - tick when you have produced brief notes. AMBER - tick when you have a good grasp of this topic. GREEN - tick during the final revision when you feel you have complete understanding of the topic. PLC attachment

6. The role of the father … • To outline and evaluate the role of the father in attachment. I doubt if this will be a 12 mark essay but it could come up as a shorter question. It is on the specification

9. Attachment Question : With reference to Abdul’s conversation with his friend, outline two features of caregiver-infant interaction. [4 marks] Proud father Abdul was talking to his friend, as they were both watching Abdul’s wife, Tasneem, interacting with their baby daughter, Aisha. ‘It’s amazing really’, said Abdul. ‘Tasneem smiles, Aisha smiles back. Tasneem moves her head, Aisha moves hers, perfectly in time with each other.’ ‘Yes’, agreed the friend. ‘It’s almost as if they are one person.’ Be ready to mark and improve

10. Mark it…… Answer A: One feature is social releaser as when Aisha smiles at Tasneem she gets attention from her mum. Also there is imitation when the mum smiles and moves her head, the baby, Aisha, does it also, so imitates the behaviour she observes. ( marks?) Answer B One feature is when baby (Aisha) smiles back at her primary caregiver (Tasneem). This is a social releaser. ( marks ?) Answer A = 3 marks Answer B = 1 mark

11. Improve it…….. Question : With reference to Abdul’s conversation with his friend, outline two features of caregiver-infant interaction. [4 marks] Proud father Abdul was talking to his friend, as they were both watching Abdul’s wife, Tasneem, interacting with their baby daughter, Aisha. ‘It’s amazing really’, said Abdul. ‘Tasneem smiles, Aisha smiles back. Tasneem moves her head, Aisha moves hers, perfectly in time with each other.’ ‘Yes’, agreed the friend. ‘It’s almost as if they are one person.’

12. Improve it……. One example of the caregiver-infant interaction is reciprocity. This is shown is when Tasneem smiles , baby Aisha smiles back. This shows mother and baby turn taking and mum showing sensitive responsiveness to her baby’s communications. This behaviour helps to develop a secure attachment. Another example is interactional synchrony which is shown when baby Aisha imitates Tasneem’s behaviour like smiling and moving her head. They both move in perfect time with each other. This causes a close bond between Tasneem and Aisha as smiling is a social releaser , and they spend longer time together doing the same behaviours.( 4 marks) 1 mark for each outline: • interactional synchrony – adults and babies respond in time to sustain communication • reciprocity/turn-taking – interaction flows both ways between adult and infant • imitation – infant mimics/copies the adult’s behaviour • sensitive responsiveness – adult attends sensitively to infant’s communications. 1 mark each for application of feature to stem: • interactional synchrony – ‘…as if they are one person..’/ ‘…perfectly in time with each other..’ • reciprocity/imitation/sensitive responsiveness – ‘Tasneem smiles, Aisha smiles back…’

13. How to remember key terms… Caregiver interactions: • interactional synchrony • reciprocity • Synchrony = synchronised swimming. • One swimmer is the mirror image of the other

14. Animals : Mark it……. • Outline the procedure used in one study of animal attachment.( 4 marks) • Using the sniper attack…. What are you going to include in your answer?

15. Animals : Mark it……. • Outline the procedure used in one study of animal attachment.( 4 marks) Snipers know that procedures do not include findings!!! Answer : Harlow & Harlow, took baby monkeys away from their mothers. They were kept isolated in a cage with a wire ‘mother’ that gave milk through a feeding bottle and a cloth covered ‘mother’ who was soft to touch. They then stressed these babies by putting a small wind–up toy in the cage, to see which of the two ‘mothers’ they ran to for security . Marks ?

16. Animals :Mark it……. • Outline the procedure used in one study of animal attachment.( 4 marks) Answer : Harlow & Harlow, took baby monkeys away from their mothers. They were kept isolated in a cage with a wire ‘mother’ that gave milk through a feeding bottle and a cloth covered ‘mother’ who was soft to touch. They then stressed these babies by putting a small wind–up toy in the cage, to see which of the two ‘mothers’ they ran to for security ( 4 marks)

17. Mark and improve…. • Briefly discuss one limitation of using animals to study attachment in humans. [4 marks] Answer : Just because animals behave in a certain way, is no guarantee that humans will also behave in this way. It is dangerous extrapolating findings from animals and using them to explain human behaviour. Humans are more complex than animals. Therefore we should be cautious generating findings from animals to humans.

18. Acronym Animal Studies of Attachment Essay A03 Research support for imprinting Reversible over time Confounding Variables Generalisation Ethics Real Research Can Give Evidence

19. Outline and evaluate Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment. ( 8 marks) Bowlby’s theory argues that attachment is innate and we have evolved this way in order for babies to survive. He felt that babies develop this attachment in a fixed sequence going from non-focus signals to a clear secure-base behaviour. He believed that babies are innately programmed to form one close, special bond with the mother (or primary care giver): namely a monotropic relationship. There is a critical period (of up to about two and a half years) in which this relationship must be formed and if not, it never will. However, there are studies that challenge some of these ideas. Schaffer & Emerson’s Glasgow baby study showed that many infants had more than one attachment and this goes against the idea of monotropy. Other studies felt that a critical period of 2 years was too restrictive and in fact children as old as 4 years were able to form close relationships with a primary care giver (eg Putter’s adoption studies). Bowlby’s idea that the mother is usually the primary attachment figure has been criticised as research has shown the father is just as important and can even have a more positive influence on development. However, when Bowlby was investigating this the mother usually stayed at home with children and this is different today. • Shade in A01 • Shade in A03 • Is the content balanced? • Marks? Sample 1

20. Outline and evaluate Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment. ( 8 marks) Bowlby’s theory argues that attachment is innate and we have evolved this way in order for babies to survive. He felt that babies develop this attachment in a fixed sequence going from non-focus signals to a clear secure-base behaviour. He believed that babies are innately programmed to form one close, special bond with the mother (or primary care giver): namely a monotropic relationship. There is a critical period (of up to about two and a half years) in which this relationship must be formed and if not, it never will. However, there are studies that challenge some of these ideas. Schaffer & Emerson’s Glasgow baby study showed that many infants had more than one attachment and this goes against the idea of monotropy. Other studies felt that a critical period of 2 years was too restrictive and in fact children as old as 4 years were able to form close relationships with a primary care giver (eg Putter’s adoption studies). Bowlby’s idea that the mother is usually the primary attachment figure has been criticised as research has shown the father is just as important and can even have a more positive influence on development. However, when Bowlby was investigating this the mother usually stayed at home with children and this is different today. • Shade in A01 • Shade in A03 • Is the content balanced? • Marks? Sample 1

21. Exam Corner ….. Possible questions Short- Questions: • Use Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment to explain why George is attached to his mother Kate, even though she doesn’t see him for two to three weeks at a time. (4 marks) Longer questions Essay: • Use Learning Theory to discuss how George became attached to his mother Kate. (12 marks A-Level)

22. What is a schema ? Outline what is a schema….. Can you give an example of a schema?

23. What is a schema ? Outline what is a schema….. • Schemas are the basic building blocks of beliefs and expectations that enable us to form a mental representation of the world. • Or schemas can be seen as 'index cards' filed in the brain, each one telling an individual how to react to incoming stimuli or information.

24. What is a schema ? • Developed from experience • Helps you respond to an object appropriately • Babies born with simple motor schemas – sucking and grasping • Our schema develop and become more sophisticated as we get older • Schemas enable us to process lots of information quickly and it is like a mental short cut that prevents us from being over whelmed by environmental stimuli • Schemas can distort our interpretations of sensory information leading to perceptual errors .

25. Exam corner Discuss the strange situation as a way of assessing types of attachment. ( 8 marks) ( 4 + 4 marks)

26. Exam corner • Discuss the strange situation as a way of assessing types of attachment. ( 8 marks) • You need to address the matter of the appropriateness or usefulness of the procedure for measuring a type of attachment. • Last year this was a 12 marker and the average score on this was 51%. • Students were down to half marks on this essay!!

27. Exam corner Discuss the strange situation as a way of assessing types of attachment. ( 8 marks) A01 Content: Observation in a controlled environment. Series of 3-minute episodes – mother and baby; stranger enters; mother leaves; mother returns etc. • Recording of child’s response in the different stages e.g. proximity-seeking, accepting comfort from stranger, response to being re-united. • Analysis of observations leads to measuring infant’s type of attachment as either securely attached, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant

28. A03: Basic evaluation Improve this A03 paragraph so it is no longer ‘ basic’

29. Discuss the strange situation as a way of assessing types of attachment. ( 8 marks) A better paragraph is contextualised to fit the question Higher grades have lead in sentence to signpost evaluation and an effective link back….

30. A03 Improved Evaluation Alternatively : cultural bias A better paragraph is contextualised to fit the question

31. Acronym : cultural variations Role of mass media Nation rather than cultures Cross cultural research Cultural bias Indigenous theories Rather Nifty Cross Cultural Ideas

32. Acronym : Romanian orphanages Individual differences Real Life Application Value of longitudinal studies Deprivation only one factor Slow development rather than institutionalisation Imagine Romanian Values Delaying Schooling

33. Research methods : both papers • Prepare IN FULL research methods for both papers. In what percentage of the total observations was the baby gazing at his mother? Show your calculations. [2 marks] Marks? Exemplar response 40 divided by 100 x 12 = 30%

34. Research methods : both papers • Prepare IN FULL research methods for both papers. In what percentage of the total observations was the baby gazing at his mother? Show your calculations. [2 marks] Marks for this question: AO2 = 2 1 mark for the correct answer: 30% Plus 1 mark for showing correct workings: 12 divided by 40 multiplied by 100

35. Essay plan for…… You all need x3 paragraphs of A03 Stretch and challenge : Higher Grades : Embedded with counter arguments

36. Attachment • How did you do? • Are you on your target grade • Identify your strengths • Identify weaknesses • How to improve

37. Homework • Prepare attachment