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Time periods in context

Time periods in context. Renaissance 1450 -1600 Baroque period 1600-1750 Classical period 1760 – 1810 Romantic period 1810 -1910 “20 th Century” music up to the present day. Renaissance 1450 -1600. Studied at Higher level When Music gradually evolved from Modal to modern tonality.

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Time periods in context

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  1. Time periods in context • Renaissance 1450 -1600 • Baroque period 1600-1750 • Classical period 1760 – 1810 • Romantic period 1810 -1910 • “20th Century” music up to the present day Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  2. Renaissance 1450 -1600 • Studied at Higher level • When Music gradually evolved from Modal to modern tonality Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  3. Baroque period 1600-1750 • Birth of Opera • Orchestral music • Invention of violin and modern string family • Counterpoint (Polyphony) • The Harpsichord is King • Birth of Concerto • Composers: • Bach • Handel • Vivaldi Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  4. Instrumental Music • The timbre of Baroque music depends on • the ensemble of instruments being played • texture of the music: the way the melody and harmony are combined Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  5. Instrumental Music • Many Baroque pieces polyphonic • several lines of music or melodies playing together at the same time. • Creates complicated sound. • Most polyphonic music starts simply: • One melody or theme is heard • as it carries on, another instrument (or part) copies it slightly later • This copying is called imitation. Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  6. Instrumental Music • Rounds - simplest form of imitation, • sung • Exact imitation. (like Freres Jacques) • Instrumental version is called a canon • imitation might not be exact: the imitation might occur at an interval of a 5th above for example. • The complex form of canon is called a fugue studied at Higher level. Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  7. Pachelbel’s canon • In this music you will hear several of the concepts outlined above • Imitation • Strings • Canon • Harpsichord • Polyphony Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  8. Pachelbel’s canon • groundbass - a repeating bass line upon which the music is based • (extended ostinato), popular during the baroque period • The opening theme is also used for the variations decorated with twiddly bits, The twiddly bits such as trills are kinds of grace notes, (ornaments). Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  9. Instrumental Music • Homophony • melody and a simple chordalaccompaniment or • parts move in rhythmic unison for most of the time • the adjective is homophonic. Cadence Baroque Music 1600 -1750 anacrusis Passing notes

  10. Baroque Orchestra • Mostly consists strings, (violin, viola, cello, double bass) • Strings can be played in a variety of ways • Bowed (ARCO) • Plucked (PIZZICATO) • DOUBLESTOPPING–playing two strings at once. • TREMOLANDO – playing lots of very short notes instead of the long ones in a melody • VIBRATO – the player rocks the finger on the string while it is being bowed creating a wavering and warmer tone Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  11. Baroque Orchestra • To this basic orchestra of strings, woodwind might be added: • flutes • oboes • bassoons Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  12. Baroque Orchestra • Sometimes brass instruments – French horns and trumpets were added Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  13. Baroque Orchestra • Rarely, percussion might be added effect, e.g. military drums • In most baroque music: • Harpsichord • keyboard instrument • thin sound like a harp. • piano not invented yet • Harmonious Blacksmith • Piece for solo harpsichord • Theme and variations Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  14. Baroque Instruments • A lot of music was also written for the church organ • Bach: Toccatta and Fugue in D Minor Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  15. Baroque instruments • Recorders were often played in small groups but were rarely involved in orchestral music. Flutes were considered more suitable. Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  16. Handel “Music for the Royal Fireworks” • Originally written for wind instruments only • Suites – collection of short pieces • Menuetto (minuet) Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  17. Handel “Music for the Royal Fireworks” Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  18. Concerto • Solo instrument (or small group of solo instruments) • Accompanied by Orchestra • Dates from the baroque period • Common musical form ever since Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  19. Famous Baroque Concerti • Vivaldi: The Four seasons • Set of four violin concerti • Programme music describes scenes from each season • Each concerto consists of 3 Movements – (separate pieces of music) Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  20. Famous Baroque Concerti • Vivaldi: The Four seasons • Spring:1stmovement - Allegro Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  21. Famous Baroque Concerti • Vivaldi: The Four seasons • Spring : 2ndMovement - Largo Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  22. Famous Baroque Concerti • Bach: Brandenburg Concerto no 2 • Concertino group • Trumpet • Oboe • Violin • Flute • (Concerto Grosso) Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  23. Famous Baroque Concerti • Bach: Brandenburg Concerto no 2 Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  24. OPERA • Music Drama set on stage • Singers play different main roles • Chorus play part of crowds, etc Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  25. Types of voice(Register) • SOPRANO Highest Female Voice • ALTO Lower Female voice MEZZO SOPRANO - is what solo alto is usually called in later Operas COUNTER TENOR Male, same register - • TENOR Higher Male voice BARITONE Between Tenor and Bass • BASS Lowest Male voice Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  26. Types of Singing • RECITATIVE A Narrator describing a scene or moving story along NOT “song-like” Wordy, lots of lyrics • ARIA A Song Lots of repetition and sequence MELISMA • CHORUS an aria for the chorus Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  27. Types of Opera • OPERA • ORATORIO • CANTATA • PASSION Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  28. Types of Opera • OPERA • Music Drama set on stage • Singers play different main roles • Chorus play part of crowds etc • ORATORIO • Story from the bible • (e.g. “Christmas” or “Ruth”) • Originally staged but now just sung • CANTATA • Mini Oratorio • PASSION • Oratorio based on story of suffering on the cross Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  29. ORATORIO • Story from the bible like: “Ruth”, “Christmas” or “Jeptha” • Originally staged but now just sung • CANTATA is a Mini Oratorio • PASSION • Oratorio based on story of suffering on the cross Baroque Music 1600 -1750

  30. Passion • Story of events leading up to crucifiction • Best known ones by Bach – eg St Matthew • Sung in German • Include SATB Chorales • A cappella • homophonic Cadence suspension Baroque Music 1600 -1750 anacrusis Passing notes

  31. Other Baroque concepts • Tierce da picardie: • Perfect cadence in a minor key where the tonic chord (Chord 1) is unexpectedly changed to the major • Obligato • A slow tune ( often a solo sung chorale) decorated by a solo instrument, particularly at the end of phrases Baroque Music 1600 -1750

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