CAMEL BLOOD & MILK, MAGIC - MYTH OR MARVEL ?

1. رَبِّ اشْرَحْ لِي صَدْرِي. وَيَسِّرْ لِي أَمْرِي . وَاحْلُلْ عُقْدَةً مِّن لِّسَانِي . يَفْقَهُوا قَوْلِي“O my Lord! Expand me my chest and ease my task for me, and remove the impediment from my speech, so they may understand what I say”

2. CAMEL BLOOD & MILK, MAGIC - MYTH OR MARVEL ?

3. For how long we would be followers, when we will be creators.

4. By Mahmoud youssof Abdouh (MD) Consultant of Hepatology & complimentary medicine. Member & Coordinator of hepatocyte & stem cell auto-transplantation project. Member of the International Commission on Scientific Signs in Qur’an and Sunna at Muslim World League. E.mail: dryossof@yahoo.com

5. Dr Mahmoud Yossof (M.D.) Essay (K.S.A). Scientific American Magazine, July 2005. Institute of Biology: The Desert Ship. The Scientist: The ship of the desert’s pharmaceutical cargo, 2001. The Camel Applied and Research Development Network (CARDN). United nations periodic. The UN’s food arm. Food and Agriculture Organization. Ablynx is a biotech company located in Ghent, Belgium. The foundation of the company is based on the work of Raymond Hamers and his team at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Brussels, Belgium).

6. Camelid nanobodies Studies pass the three phases in clinical trial development. until 2015 Phase I : For safety. Phase II : For safety and efficacy. Phase III : larger number. Within the clinical program to be approved from FDA , EMA

7. In the Holy Qur’an (أفلا ينظرون إلى الإبل،كيف خلقت)(الغاشية: 17) Do they not look At the Camels, How they are created?(Al-Gashiya: 17)

8. It was found that Camel milk & blood play a great role as antiviral, anticancer and antidiabetic,&alsoas a therapy for chronic Bowel diseases, Alzheimer's, Thalassemia and sarcoidosisDue to their content ofnanobodies IS IT A MAGIC - MYTH OR MARVEL ?

9. What are nanobodies ?

10. Nanobiology Viruses from 10 nm to 300 nm.Bacteria are approximately 1000 nm.Erythrocytes are 7500 nm.Hemoglobin is about 5 nm.DNA’s double helix spans about 2 nm.Mitochondrion stretches over a few hundred nm.Anything in biology that is subcellular in size falls within the nm range.

11. Nanobiology Is nature and Subcellular within nanometer range

12. Nano Technology "nanotechnology is not nature. Technology is something people make."

13. Billion-dollar-a-year National Nanotechnology Program in USA.

14. 17.5 billion Euros In the European Union's ongoing Framework Programmes, the latest of which is 17.5 billion Euros.

15. The standard antibodies are giants by molecular standards, since each one is a conglomerate of Two heavy protein chains & Two light chains, Which are folded and garnished with elaborate sugars.

16. BUT Nanobodies are relatively simpleproteins about one tenththe size of antibodies and just a few nanometersin length Conventional Antibody Nanobody

18. It was found that “Nanobodies”derived from camelsmay be able to infiltrate a wider range of diseases at lower cost. Hopes in prospectsstarted as a study in Bilgium.

19. Difficulties in use Traditional therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) must be stored at near freezing temperatures to prevent their destruction.

20. Antibodies are not suitable for oral administration because they are digested quickly in the gut, and are not usually useful for treating diseases of the brain because they do not easily permeate the blood-brain barrier..

21. Also, therapeutic antibodies are not well suited to target large tumors because they are held to the periphery of solid tumors.

22. Additionally !!!! In Clinical Practice we are confronted with defective immunological pathways: • Slow immune response • Overactive immune response • Autoimmune response

23. For many years, drug makers tried to create antibodies that can correct or at least moderate these immunological errors. But attempts ended in failure and financial disaster. In the two decades following 1975 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)take its place as a therapy

24. The Troubles with Monoclonal Antibodies BUT are due to • High cost.- Low response.- Side effects.- Lack of efficacy.- Loss of Long standing recovery.- Technical problems. Monoclonal antibodies can be grown in unlimited quantities

25. COSTS - Xolair for asthmatic patient costs about $11,000 a year - Remicade, for rheumatoid arthritis, costs about $4,600 for eight shots.- Herceptin, for cancer , costs over $38,000 a year’s course .

26. Problems related to Monoclonal Antibodies (MAbs) 1- The great size of the proteins imposes practical and medical limitation.2- They are blocked from entering the brain and solid tumors.3- High temperatures and extremes of pH make them ineffective4- They are digested quickly in the gut.

27. 5- They are expired in few weeks.6- Patients must receive them by injection at hospital.7- MAbs are complex and giant molecules

28. TRIALS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM

29. Bioengineerstried to createantibody fragments (FAbs) by chopping offthe stem of the Y, or the stem and an arm, leaving just one “hand” Fragments Antibodies

30. FAbs tend to fall apart or filter out of the bloodstream quickly , and so their active half-life typically amounts to hours. Unfortunately

31. Domantis co. in Cambridge have trimmed Fabsfurther, stripping away all but the tip of one of the two chains, which contains the critical chemical fingers (complementarity determining regions)CDRs,that determine what target an antibody will recognize its antigen and how tightly bind it. Domain Antibodies

32. Unfortunately Domain proteins agglomerate together inside the bacteria synthesizing them as well as inside the patients

33. In 1989 a group of biologists led by Raymond Hamers at theFree University (Brussels, Belgium) that investigated an odd observation handed in as part of a student project on how dromedary الابلcamels (the one-humped, Arabian variety) fight off parasites.

34. One of the tests for antibodies in the dromedary blood indicated the presence of simpler antibodies composed solely of a pair of heavy chains. ? ?

35. After several years of investigation, Hamers and his colleagues published their discovery in Journal of Nature in 1993. In dromedaries and also in two-humped Asian camels and South American llamas about half the antibodies circulating in the blood lack a light chain.

36. Equally surprising, they found, these "incomplete" antibodies are able to grasp their targets just as firmly as normal antibodies do, with affinities for their targets virtually equal to a full antibody 10 times their size. normal antibodies Nanobody "incomplete" antibodies

37. From Dromedary Nanobodies were discovered in addition to the normal four-chain antibodies, it was discovered a simpler antibodies composed solely of a pair of heavy chains (Nanobodies)

38. The Biocharacteristics of Nanobodies

39. 1- Nanobodies grasp their targets just as firmly as normal antibodies do, without sticking to one another. 2- Nanobodies’ segments retained amazingly strong affinity for their targets, equal to a full antibody 10 times their size.

40. 3-Nanobodies aremuch smaller than antibodies but they are more chemically agile, so they able to engage targets including the active sites of enzymes and clefts in cell membranes too small to admit an antibody. 4-Nanobodiesare not chemically hydrophobes so they are more resistant to heat and pH.

41. 5- Nanobodies can be absorbed without digestion, to engage in action any where in the body. 6- Nanobodies are stable at room temperature & have a long shelf life without refrigeration. 7- Nanobodies’ creation of new kinds is less difficult, faster and less costly than it is for antibodies.

42. Advatages of the production & use of nanobodies

43. The nanobody may serve as medicine by jamming harmful cellular signals, either by attaching to the signal molecule or by clogging upthe receptors for the signal on the surface of cells. One of the most powerful advantages of nanobodies, is the relative ease with which the proteins can be joined to one another or other compounds.

44. Malignant Cell Nanobody Nanobody Nanobody Nanobody Nanobody Nanobody Nanobody Nanobody

45. Attachment of anti-albumin nanobodies to target-specific nanobodies extend their half-lives in the blood stream to weeks instead of hours. Can be linked up to four nanobodies to create “multivalent” assemblies that can stop up more antigen per molecule. The relative ease with which the proteins can be joined to one another or to different kinds of compounds.

46. Nanobodies could be bifunctional by connecting each protein to an enzyme; the enzyme converts another chemical, called a pro-drug, from its normal harmless form into a toxic chemotherapy that kills cells in the immediate vicinity. The nanobodies focused the chemotherapy on the cancer, sparing healthy tissues while completely driving back the tumors.

47. Biocharecteristics of Camel Milk

48. The camel milk is the first reflection of the camel blood immunoglobulin. The immunoglobulin of camels is amazingly distinguished in the animal world . Unique Immunoglobulin in Camel milk

49. Fudamental bio-charecteristics of Camel Milk lactoferrin LACTIC BACTERIA VITAMIN C IMMUNOGLOBULINS

50. Lactoferrin In all human secretionsenhance the immune response, directly and indirectly the mechanism is not clear