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Engineering Proteins. EP2 Protein Synthesis. Amino Acids. Some of the 20 Naturally Occurring Amino Acids. Amino Acids - Summary. Zwitterions Acid / Base Chemistry (Buffers) Optical Isomerism – chiral centre, CORN Peptide – Secondary Amides Naming dipeptides – NH 2 on left
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Engineering Proteins EP2 Protein Synthesis
Amino Acids - Summary • Zwitterions • Acid / Base Chemistry (Buffers) • Optical Isomerism – chiral centre, CORN • Peptide – Secondary Amides • Naming dipeptides – NH2 on left • Hydrolysis of peptides • Condensation to form polypeptides and proteins
Protein Structure 4 levels of structure:- • Primary Structure – Sequence of Amino Acids; • Secondary Structure – Spatial arrangement of sections of primary Structure (e.g. helices); • Tertiary Structure – Overall 3D Shape of protein; • Quaternary Structure – Protein “Monomers” coordinated into tetramers (haemoglobin), or hexamers (insulin).
Secondary Structure - Helix - Sheet
Building Proteins Cells build proteins directly from L-Amino Acids. To synthesise a protein, a Chemist would need:- • Instructions / knowledge of the primary structure; • Supplies of pure amino acids; • A method of forming peptide links. Cells adopt a similar approach – Protein Synthesis.
Protein synthesis – The role of RNA • Messenger RNA - Temporary set of instructions for one protein molecule; 2) Transfer RNA – collects amino acids; 3) Ribosomal RNA – present in ribosomes, which catalyse the formation of peptide links between amino acids.
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid • Codes for many mRNA molecules. • The section of DNA coding for a particular protein is called a gene. • Full set of genes = genome (humans 3.5 x 109 bases)
How Cells Make Proteins DNA mRNA Transcription
Transcription – in the nucleus 1) DNA double helix unwinds; 2) hydrogen bonds break; 3) free nucleotides hydrogen bond to the complementary exposed bases; 4) Enzyme (RNA polymerase) links the hydrogen bonded nucleotides to form a strand of mRNA; 5) mRNA is released and the DNA double helix is reformed.
How Cells Make Proteins Protein Chain DNA mRNA Transcription Translation a.a. activation
Amino Acid Activation • tRNA molecule forms an ester link with a specific amino acid; • tRNA – amino acid complex moves to the Ribosome.
Translation - in the cytoplasm • mRNA attaches to ribosome; • Hydrogen bonding between complementary bases binds the correct tRNA anticodon to the 1st codon (set of 3 bases on mRNA); • A 2nd tRNA – amino acid complex binds to the adjacent mRNA codon in the ribosome; • Ribosome catalyses the formation of the peptide bond between amino acids; • The tRNA is released once the amino acid is delivered; • Ribosome moves along the mRNA chain to the end.
How Cells Make Proteins Protein Chain 3D Protein DNA mRNA Transcription Translation Folding a.a. activation
How Cells Make Proteins Protein Chain 3D Protein DNA mRNA Transcription Translation Folding a.a. activation