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Now playing: Handel “Water Music”

Lecture 3: Cells and Small Molecules. Now playing: Handel “Water Music”. Goals:. 1. Define prokaryote, eukaryote, carbohydrate, polysaccharide, monosaccharide, fatty acid, amino acid.

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Now playing: Handel “Water Music”

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  1. Lecture 3: Cells and Small Molecules Now playing: Handel “Water Music”

  2. Goals: 1. Define prokaryote, eukaryote, carbohydrate, polysaccharide, monosaccharide, fatty acid, amino acid 2.Understand specified complexity, the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats, and the relationship between chemical structure and biological function 3. Relate small molecule chemistry to heath, science, agriculture and the environment. Assignment: Read: chapter 2, 6 Websites references: http://esg-www.mit.edu:8001/esgbio/cb/prok_euk.html http://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/u1i.html http://www.lis.ab.ca/walton/omega/index.html http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/FattyAcids/3_2 http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/FattyAcids/3_3.html http://www.chem.pdx.edu/~wamserc/CH332S96/16notes.htm.html http://vitawise.com/aminare.htm http://www.harthosp.org/HealthInfo/scripts/scr0022.htm http://www.americanheart.org/Heart_and_Stroke_A_Z_Guide/carbo.html http://www.react.ie/Health/Nutrition/Carbohydrates.htm

  3. Chapter 1: Small Molecules The 2nd Step in understanding biology is to begin to see the Structure & Function of Small Molecules…

  4. “Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood.” -- Marie Curie (1867-1934) French chemist and physicist, Awarded 3 Nobel Prizes, died of Cancer probably caused brought on by the Radioisotopes (radiation) she worked with!

  5. Cells = The Basic Building Blocks of Life Two Classes of Cells: Prokaryotes • Mycoplasma • Bacteria Eukaryotes • Protista, Animals, • Fungi, Plants Cells are expandable biological factories that produce thousands of different small and large molecules…

  6. Possible CD on Cell Complexity

  7. Cells Make Small Molecules - Small molecules are assembled into large molecules Carbohydrates and Polysaccharides Made up of the following Elements = Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen • Biological functions: • energy storage, structure, signaling, binding, adsorption, transportation…

  8. Types of small molecules = Carbohydrates in the liver Glucose C6O6H12 • Carbohydrates • Sugar and Starches • Monosaccharides • 1C:2H:1O 2. Polysaccharide = complex carbohydrate (C:2H:O)n

  9. Glucose is the same as Chemical structures 2-Dimensional View 3-Dimensional View

  10. Disaccharides Sucrose = glucose + fructose Maltose = glucose + glucose Lactose = glucose + galactose

  11. Molecular Complexity and Specificity are Characteristics of all living things • A Glucose molecule is simple compared to DNA, but it is still complex and specific. • The difference between Glucose and Galactose molecules is only in the positioning of the atoms around the ring…specified complexity glucose + galactose = Lactose

  12. The Following are all Glucose Monomers Cellulose Starch Glycogen Chitin Monomers are one Type of molecule Assembled in long Chains…

  13. Chapter 2: Fats Second part of understanding small molecules will be Fats….

  14. Single fat molecule Water Carboxyl (COOH) Hydrocarbon tail (CH) Micelle Small molecules: Fats Elements = Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen Less oxygen than carbohydrates COOH + (CH2)n Fats belong to the organic compounds (molecules) known as “Lipids” Insoluble in water

  15. Absorption Energy Supply • Biological Functions of Fat Long-Term Energy Storage Transport • Structure of fat = glycerol and fatty acids

  16. Triglyceride = Another name for fats 1-Glycerol : 3- Fatty Acids Glycerol 3- Fatty Acids -C-CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH3 || O -C-CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH3 || O -C-CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH3 || O

  17. Saturated fat = fatty acid contains all the hydrogen bonds it can, or (in other words) all carbon atoms have single bonds Unsaturated fat = fatty acid contains at least one double bond Double bonds Polyunsaturated fat = fatty acid has more than one double bond

  18. More saturation = more risk of heart disease Heart disease = location (site) of double bonds and degree of saturation Fat-filled heart -vegetable oils tend to be < saturated than animal oils

  19. Cholesterol: What is it? Biological Function: Low Density Lipoproteins - builds up on arterial walls. Avoid red meats, hard cheese, egg yolks, and other high fat dairy products and desserts. Avoid saturated fats, such as fried foods, dressings, high-fat snacks, pastries, chocolate, ice cream, and some candies • LDL • HDL • Ratio • Arteriosclerosis High Density Lipoproteins - removes cholesterol from artery walls to the liver for removal. Dietary fat >30% of daily calories. To raise HDL’s, exercise regularly and eat boiled, baked or steamed foods, low fat dairy, fish, poultry, vegetables, exercise. Divide the HDL cholesterol level into the total cholesterol. Should be <5:1, though the optimal level is 3.5:1 Thickening of the artery wall with fat platelets

  20. Protein Fat

  21. Site of the Saturation is the key to heart disease Red Meat Oil Fish Oil

  22. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids • Omega-6 fatty acids are the predominantpolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the Western diet. • The omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids aremetabolically distinct and have opposing physiologic functions. • The increased omega-6/omega-3 ratio in Western dietsmost likely contributes to an increased incidence of heartdisease and inflammatory disorders. • Omega-3 PUFAs suppress cell mediated immune responses and reduce inflammation Omega-3 Omega-6

  23. Lipids in Cell Signaling • Bioactive Lipids • Made in all cells • Short range signaling • Eicosanoids? • Prostaglandins • Inflammation and Pain Perception • Kidney Function • Bone Development • Reproductive Process • Commercially Important • $4 BILLION/ Year spend on drugs to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis • Vioxx, Celebrex, Ibuprofen, Asprin PGE2

  24. Site of the Saturation is the key to heart disease Red Meat Oil Fish Oil Some folks have a genetic condition Abnormal Normal Condition White adipose tissue Brown adipose tissue Obesity in humans :

  25. Obesity in humans : Some folks have a genetic condition Others eat too much Fat Cells = Adipocytes • just beneath the skin • insulation • capacity to change 100x • permanent once created • each person has a “set point” • determines # lbs of fat the • will adjust back to… US Adult Population averages = 35% body fat Normal = < 20% body fat

  26. Steroids = 4 Ring Phospholipid Biological Function: - coordinate physiological and behavioral responses for specific biological purposes What happens when folks take steroids? • liver cancer, acne, heart attacks and strokes, arrested bone development • withered testicles, sterility, impotence, gynecomastia (growth of breasts) • in females. irreversible masculine traits can develop along with menstrual irregularities, breast reduction, and sterility • Psychological effects: aggressive, combative behavior known as "roid rage“ and depression. • Increase muscle mass, strength, endurance, recovery rates, muscle definition, leanness • Improved performance in sports, on the job, euphoria, sex drive • Maintain and enhance appearance while aging “Why should I be Clark Kent, when I can be Superman all the time?” --Anonymous steroid user

  27. Chapter 3: Peptide Structure: peptide bonds and side chains Third part of understanding small molecules: peptides

  28. Small molecules: Amino Acids (AA) The building blocks of proteins • Elements = Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, (sometimes sulfur) • More nitrogen than sugar or fats contain • Proteins = Chains of Amino Acids • Structure is dependant upon = side chain(s)

  29. Amino Acid Structure Amino group Carboxyl group -Carboxyl group R H -Amino group N C OH -Side chain (R) H O H -Hydrogen atom -Central carbon atom C Side chains (R groups)determine 20 different amino acids

  30. Side Chains: “R” Asparagine Arginine Cysteine Glutamine Glutamic Acid Aspartic Acid H | Glycine

  31. Isoleucine Histidine Leucine Lysine Methionine Threonine Alanine Proline Serine

  32. Tyrosine Valine Phenylalanine Tryptophan

  33. Essential Amino Acids = 9 Biological Function: The essentialbuilding blocks for all proteins of life Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine Assignment: What do the essential amino acids do?

  34. Examples of 3 Essential Amino Acids Alanine Cysteine Serine

  35. Eukaryote Carbohydrate Polysaccharide Monosaccharide Fatty acid Amino acid Prokaryote Difference between saturated and unsaturated fats Relationship between chemical structure and biological function Living chemistry is both complex and specified Relate small molecule chemistry to heath, science, agriculture and the environment Key Review of Small Molecules

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