Session 4.2: Introduction to Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

1. Session 4.2: Introduction to Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

2. Key terms used in this session Accuracy: The degree to which a measured value conforms to true or accepted values. Accuracy is a measure of correctness. GLONASS: Acronym for Global Navigation Satellite System. The Russian counterpart of the United States Global Positioning System. GNSS: Acronym for Global Navigation Satellite System, and is the standard generic term for satellite navigation systems that provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage. This term includes e.g. the GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou and other regional systems.

3. Key terms used in this session GPS: Acronym for Global Positioning System. A system of radio-emitting and -receiving satellites used for determining positions on the earth. Developed and operated by the U.S. Department of Defense, the system is used in navigation, mapping, surveying, and other applications in which precise positioning is necessary. Precision: The number of significant digits used to store numbers, particularly coordinate values. Precision measures exactness. Scale: The ratio or relationship between a distance or area on a map and the corresponding distance or area on the ground, commonly expressed as a fraction or ratio. A map scale of 1/100,000 or 1:100,000 means that one unit of measure on the map equals 100,000 of the same unit on the earth.

4. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) Constellation of satellites providing signals from space that transmit positioning and timing data to GNSS receivers. The receivers then use this data to determine location.

5. Global Navigation Satellite Systems There are different satellite navigation systems providing autonomous geo-spatial positioning at present: GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou, and Galileo

6. How does it work? - Identifier - Almanac Data (status & orbital info to calculate which satellites are visible) Don’t need internet !!! • Ephemeris Data • (precise orbital info to • calculate satellite location)

7. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? How does it work? If only 1 signal

8. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? How does it work? If only 2 signals

9. How does it work? If 3 signals If 4 signals Reason why you need at least 4 satellites signal to get a good reading

10. Source of signal errors Poor PDOP Good PDOP PDOP: Positional Dilution of Precision

11. Accuracy: 69 m Accuracy: 46 m Accuracy: 44 m Accuracy: 19 m Accuracy: 14 m Accuracy: 12 m Accuracy: 12 m Accuracy: 7 m Source of signal errors Better to have a good dispersion and looking at the accuracy measure given by the device

12. Source of signal errors

13. 2 2 1 1 Source of signal errors Signal Multipath Take the reading in the most open space possible

14. Which device to use? Large choice / differentprices! Minimum requirements: • 1. Allows to be set up as follow: • a. Position format: hddd.ddddd • b. Map datum: WGS84 • c. Map Spheroid WGS84 • d. Distance and speed: Metric • 2. Provide a reading with at least 5 digits to reach a level of precision down to the meter • 3. Display the following information: • a. Number of received satellite signals • b. Accuracy measure • 4. Havingaccess to both the GPS and GLONASS constellations is a plus

15. Unit Setting Should match the data specifications Taking a reading Coordinates GPS and GLONASS on Accuracy value Satellite position Number of received satellite signals GNSS device Mobile phone + app

16. Why use latitude and longitude? Why use latitude/longitude (Decimal degrees)? • Most comprehensive and powerful method of georeferencing • Standard, stable, unique, infinitely fine resolution • Uses a well-defined and fixed reference frame • Based on Greenwich (Prime) Meridian and Equator • Most used in geospatial technologies

17. Scale, Accuracy, and Precision 15 m Recommended

18. Data collection methods The one used for Exercise 4.A Without GNSS enabled devices Uses GNSS enabled devices https://www.healthgeolab.net/DOCUMENTS/Guide_HGLC_Part2_4_2.pdf

19. Importance of SOP and Training It is important to have and follow Standard Operating Procedure and train in using the device. • Description of the device • How to use the device (buttons, batteries,…) • How to set it up • Step by step process to collect the reading Guide_HGLC_Part2_4_2.pdf

20. Importance of SOP and Training When you are done with the stand alone device • On site, between data collection points • For longer period of time Remove the batteries from the device Store the device in A dry place

21. Summary To summarize: • Choose the appropriate device/method • Set the unit as per the data specifications • Use a pre-established SOP • Signal lost indoors and reflected off buildings and other near by objects => choose an open space • Takes time to calibrate and get accurate reading – wait 1 minute to finalize coordinates • Minimum 4 satellites • Collect coordinates with 5 digits after the decimal point • Ethics of mapping households and GPS tracking !!!

22. Android devices and GPS Essentials • GPS Essentials is a free application available for Android-based devices with a built-in GNSS receiver. • It can be used as an alternative to dedicated GPS devices when collecting geographic coordinates as it complies with the specifications discussed in the previous slides.

23. Preparation for Exercise 4.A Separate document • Installation guide for GPS Essentials • SOP to follow and data collection form to use when collecting geographic coordinates using an android phone and GPS Essentials Proceed to Exercise 4.A Exercise 4.A