Chapter 2

1. Chapter 2 Safety and the Training Function

2. The Safety Challenge • Casualties • Can occur anytime emergency service personnel are engaged in any activity • Instructor challenge • Provide realistic training that is similar to actual emergencies • Provide maximum amount of safety during the exercise

3. The Safety Challenge • Training casualties • Statistics • Training injuries continue to increase • Heart attacks • Traumatic injuries • 10% of all annual LODD • Instructor has full control • Location • Fire load • Equipment

4. The Safety Challenge • Casualty prevention • Casualties can be reduced • Policies and procedures • Use currently accepted standards for training • Incorporating safety • Safety standards should be followed at all times • Train to recognize changing conditions • Impending danger • Smoke changes

5. The Safety Challenge • Casualty prevention • NFPA 1403, Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions • Instructors must be familiar with the requirements of this standard • Safety requirements must be enforced • Instructor in charge • Designated incident safety officer • Organizations administration

6. The Safety Challenge • Casualty prevention • NFPA standards • Risk-management plan • Identify risks • Includes all job-related activities

7. The Safety Challenge • Casualty prevention • Administrative responsibilities • Provide adequate PPE • Ensure all equipment is maintained • Ensure all safety equipment is maintained • Provide policies and procedures for safe use of equipment • Address fitness, health, and wellness

8. The Instructor’s Role

9. The Instructor’s Role

10. The Instructor’s Role • Safe training environment • For instructors and students • Classrooms • Props • Permanent and mobile facilities • Remote sites • Acquired structures and facilities

11. The Instructor’s Role • Planning safe training scenarios • Involves two analysis processes • Task analysis • Determines the tasks emergency responders perform at emergency scene • Hazard/risk analysis • Determines the potential safety threats that may be encountered during training operations

12. The Instructor’s Role • Inspecting and repairing facilities and props • Inspection time schedule • Industry practice • Manufacturer’s recommendations • Local needs • Should also occur before any training course or scenario

13. The Instructor’s Role • Monitoring training activities • Instructors must continually monitor training activities • Conditions during training can change rapidly and unexpectedly • ISO is required during high-hazard training evolutions

14. The Instructor’s Role • Monitoring training activities • Watch for the following safety concerns

15. The Instructor’s Role • Instructor incident safety officer duties • Outlined in NFPA 1521 • Mandated in NFPA 1500 • All instructors should meet the JPR’s for 1521 • NFPA 1521 requires that the person filling the position of ISO should also meet the requirements of fire officer I

16. The Instructor’s Role • Instructor incident safety officer duties • Level I Instructor basic requirements • Fire behavior (dynamics) • Building construction • Organization’s personnel accountability system • Emergency scene rehabilitation

17. The Instructor’s Role • Instructor incident safety officer duties • Monitors the scene for unsafe conditions / actions • Have authority to alter, suspend, or terminate any unsafe actions • Immediately notify IC • All other actions are done through the chain of command

18. The Instructor’s Role Instructor incident safety officer duties

19. The Instructor’s Role Instructor incident safety officer duties

20. The Instructor’s Role • Instructor as safety role model • When safety is emphasized and learned in training • It tends to be remembered and practiced during calls • The instructor is the primary role model • Demonstrate • Reinforce

21. The Instructor’s Role • Reinforcing safety • Safety must continually be emphasized • Instructors influence the students • When planning practical training evolutions • Instructors look for potential hazards and eliminate them • When conducting practical training evolutions • Instructors must act as a ISO or appoint one

22. The Instructor’s Role • Implementing safety plans • Part of the risk management plan • All organizations must establish safety policies • What signals are given when an accident occurs? • What to do when the signal is given? • What steps to take to help the injured person? • Whether training stops or proceeds?

23. Accident Prevention and Management • Accident prevention • The first step in safe training • Loss of personnel • Property • Money • Time

24. Accident Prevention and Management • Accident management • The second step for creating a safe training environment • Identifying accident factors • Investigating accidents that do occur • Analyzing accidents that occurred • Causes • Trends

25. Accident Prevention and Management • Prevention • Accidents are usually the result of unsafe acts • Unaware or uninformed of potential hazards • Ignorance of safety policies • Failure to follow safety procedures • The majority of accidents are predictable and preventable

26. Accident Prevention and Management • Inspect all equipment before starting training sessions • Assign an ISO to each training session Accident prevention steps

27. Accident Prevention and Management • Management • During the accident • Instructors must be able to manage the situation • Advanced preparation • Be aware of the factors that may result in an accident • Post accident • Instructors must be trained in the techniques of accident investigation and analysis

28. Accident Prevention and Management Management Oversight / Omission / Mismanagement Situation Facilities / Tools / Equipment in disrepair Environment Noise / Vibration / Temperature Extremes Human Ignorance or Innocence Improper Attitude Irresponsible / Uncooperative / Jealous Lack of Knowledge or Skill Experience in Requisite Knowledge Physical Limitations Medical Conditions / Physical Ability Factors that can lead to accident

29. Accident Prevention and Management • Accident Investigations • Accidents usually occur through a logical and predictable sequence of events • Investigations should be fact-finding but not faultfinding procedures

30. Accident Prevention and Management • Accident Investigations • Objective driven • Free of personal feelings

31. Accident Prevention and Management • The purpose of the investigation • Avoid loss of human resources and equipment • Ensure cost-effectiveness • Improve morale • Determine the change or deviation of the cause

32. Accident Prevention and Management • The purpose of the investigation • Determine hazardous conditions • Direct the attention of the administration to the causes of accidents • Examine facts as though they have a legal bearing on accident cases

33. Accident Prevention and Management • Analyzing the accident investigation • Used to determine causes and make recommendations • Prevent future accidents • Includes reviewing current and past records

34. Accident Prevention and Management High Area of Highest Priority Frequency Area of Lowest Priority Low Severity High Risk Management and Accident Investigations

35. Accident Prevention and Management • Mitigation Activities • Driver / Operator Education • Health and Fitness • PASS Devices • Incident Action Plans • Rapid Intervention Teams • Respiratory Protection Program

36. Resources: Safety Guidelines, Regulations, and Information • Lesson Plan Development • Instructors must find reliable, accurate, and current information • Federal government agencies • State and local government occupational safety and health agencies • Standards-writing organizations • National Fire Protection Agency