Clauses and Sentence Structure

1. Clauses and Sentence Structure

2. What is a clause? • A clause is a group of related words that has both a subject and predicate. • There are two types of clauses: • Independent • Dependent

3. What is a clause? • Independent (main clause) • Expresses a completethought • Can standalone Example: I like ice cream. • Dependent (subordinate clause) • Does NOT express a complete thought • Can NOT stand alone Example: Because I like ice cream

4. Independent (Main) Clauses The baby cried. The dog barked loudly.

5. Subordinate Clauses When the baby cried, When causes the clause to be unable to stand alone. the dog barked loudly. dependent (subordinate) clause independent (main) clause

6. Subordinate Clauses Because causes the clause to be unable to stand alone. The baby cried because the dog barked loudly. independent (main) clause dependent (subordinate) clause

7. Dependent Clauses • Dependent (subordinate) clauses can start with subordinating conjunctions. • Subordinating conjunctions cause the clause to be unable to stand alone. Examples: • He was excited. (independent clause) • Although he was excited (dependent/subordinate clause) The word although is a subordinating conjunction, which causes the clause to be dependent (subordinate), unable to stand alone.

8. Subordinating Conjunctions • A • W • H • I • T • E • B • U • S

9. Subordinating Conjunctions • A (after, although, as, as if) • W (when, while, where, whenever) • H (how) • I (if) • T (than, though) • E (even though) • B (because, before) • U (until, unless) • S (since, so that, so)

10. Dependent Clauses • Dependent (subordinate) clauses can also start with relative pronouns: who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, that, which, whichever, what, whatever. • Relative pronouns often function as the subject of the dependent clause. Example: • The guy asked me out. (independent clause) • The guy who is wearing the blue jacket asked me out. The word whois a relative pronoun, which begins the dependent clause within the independent clause.

11. Dependent Clauses • Dependent clauses can also start with relative adverbs (when, where, why). Example: • That restaurant is a great place to eat.(independent clause) • That restaurant where we ate yesterday is a great place to eat. The word whereis a relative adverb, which begins the dependent clause within the independent clause.

12. Find the subordinate clauses! Relative pronoun • A man who is very weird keeps bothering me. • A man who is very weird keeps bothering me. • When he bothered me the last time, I wanted to scream! • When he bothered me the last time, I wanted to scream! • I couldn’t scream because I was in a public place. • I couldn’t scream because I was in a public place. • I started to go home where I could get away from him. • I started to go home where I could get away from him. Subordinating conjunction Subordinating conjunction Relative adverb

13. Types of Sentences • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound-Complex

14. Simple Sentence • Contains one main(independent) clause and NO subordinate clauses • May contain compound(two or more) subjects and predicates Examples: • Bill and Ted got lost. • They had a great adventure and explored the state. Compound subjects (Bill, Ted) Compound predicate (had, explored)

15. Compound Sentence • Contains two or more main (independent) clauses and NO subordinate clauses • Joined by a comma AND FANBOYSORsemicolon OR semicolon conjunctive adverb comma Compound sentence = independent clause +independent clause Examples: • Bill and Ted got lost,and they explored the city and had a great adventure. • Bill and Ted got lost; they explored the city and had a great adventure. FANBOYS AND commaORsemicolonORsemicolonconjunctive adverb comma

16. Complex Sentence • Contains one main(independent)clause and at least one subordinate(dependent) clauses Complex sentence = independent(main) clause +subordinate(dependent) clause Examples: • When Bill and Ted got lost, they explored the city and had a great adventure. • Bill and Ted got lostafter they explored the city and had a great adventure. • Bill and Ted, who are cousins, got lost, explored the city, and had a great adventure. • Bill and Ted had a great adventure in the city where they got lost and explored. Subordinating conj. Subordinating conj. Relative pronoun Relative adverb

17. Compound/Complex Sentences comma AND FANBOYS ORsemicolon OR semicolon conjunctive adverb comma • Contains two or more main (independent)clauses and one or more subordinate(dependent) clauses Compound / complex sentence = independent(main) clause +independent(main) clause +subordinate (dependent) clause Example: Because Bill and Ted got lost, they explored the city and had a great adventure, but now they carry a map. Subordinate (dependent) clause Two independent clauses joined by comma and but

18. She sanded the table until it was smooth, stain-free, and ready to be painted. • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound-Complex

19. She sanded the tableuntil it was smooth, stain-free, and ready to be painted. • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound-Complex In the sentence above, the underlined part is the independent clause. The red part is the subordinate clause, which starts with until (SC). The FANBOYS and does NOT join independent clauses. One subordinate clause and one independent clause makes it a complex sentence.

20. Copper, tin, and other metals are combined to make bronze. • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound-Complex

21. Copper, tin, and other metals are combined to make bronze. • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound-Complex In the sentence above, the underlined part is the independent clause. The FANBOYS anddoes NOT join independent clauses (it joins compound nouns). One independent clause makes it a simple sentence.

22. Then iron was developed, and bronze became far less important because it was too expensive. • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound-Complex

23. Then iron was developed, and bronze became far less importantbecause it was too expensive. • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound-Complex In the sentence above, the underlined parts are the independent clauses. The red part is the subordinate clause, which starts with because(SC). Two independent clauses joined by a comma FANBOYS and plus a subordinate clause makes it a compound-complex sentence.

24. Amanda did not always enjoy the many hours of piano practice, but they were necessary since the instrument is so complicated. • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound-Complex

25. Amanda did not always enjoy the many hours of piano practice, but they were necessary since the instrument is so complicated. • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound-Complex In the sentence above, the underlined parts are the independent clauses. The red part is the subordinate clause, which starts with since (SC). Two independent clauses joined by a comma FANBOYS butplus a subordinate clause makes it a compound-complex sentence.

26. Martina takes her knitting whenever she goes to the doctor and makes scarves and hats for needy children while she waits. • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound-Complex

27. Martina takes her knitting…whenever she goes to the doctor …and makes scarves and hats for needy children while she waits. • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound-Complex In the sentence above, the underlined parts make up ONE independent clause. The red parts are the subordinate clauses, which start with whenever (SC) and while (SC). The FANBOYS and do NOT join independent clauses. One dependent clause and two subordinate clauses make it a complex sentence.

28. After eating dinner and washing the dishes, Bob and Sue decided to see a movie. • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound-Complex

29. After eating dinner and washing the dishes, Bob and Sue decided to see a movie. • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound-Complex In the sentence above, the underlined part is the independent clause. The FANBOYS and do NOT join independent clauses. One independent clause makes it a simple sentence.

30. Clauses can be difficult; however, they can be understood with much practice. • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound-Complex

31. Clauses can be difficult; however,they can be understood with much practice. • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound-Complex In the sentence above, the underlined parts are independent clauses. They are joined by a semicolon however (conjunctive adverb) comma, which is a compound sentence pattern.