Clauses and Sentence Structure

Clauses and Sentence Structure Type: # independent clauses:# dependent clauses: ____________________________________________________________ Simple 1 0 ____________________________________________________________ Compound 2 or more 0 ____________________________________________________________ Complex 1 1 or more ____________________________________________________________ Compound- 2 or more 1 or more Complex

What kind of structure? • ___________________________________, ____________________________________ [___________________________________] • [_______________________],___________________________________ [_______________ _____________________________________]

Since the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators have been chosen by popular elections in their states. • Unlike presidents, senators are elected to six-year terms, and they can be re-elected any number of times. • To be eligible for the Senate, a person must have been a United States citizen for at least nine years and be at least thirty years old. • One important job that senators have is to introduce bills in the Senate.

Since the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators have been chosen by popular elections in their states. S • Unlike presidents, senators are elected to six-year terms, and they can be re-elected any number of times. CD • To be eligible for the Senate, a person must have been a United States citizen for at least nine years and be at least thirty years old. S • One important job[that senatorshave] is to introduce bills in the Senate. CX

Senators are also responsible for approving or rejecting certain presidential appointments, such as those of federal judges and ambassadors. • Amanda loved the sound of the orchestra at her school’s winter concert, and she decided then to study the violin. • Because Amanda was still quite small, her first violin was not full-sized. • When she started the sixth grade, however, Amanda was playing a full-sized violin. • Amanda did not always enjoy the many hours of practice, but they were necessary because the instrument is so complicated.

Senatorsare also responsible for approving or rejecting certain presidential appointments, such as those of federal judges and ambassadors. S • Amanda loved the sound of the orchestra at her school’s winter concert, and she decided then to study the violin. CD • [Because Amanda was still quite small], her first violin was not full-sized. CX • [When she started the sixth grade, however,] Amanda was playing a full-sized violin. CX • Amanda did not always enjoy the many hours of practice, but they were necessary [because the instrument is so complicated.] CD-CX

10. Just playing the proper notes, without being too sharp or flat, can be difficult on a violin. 11. On a violin, the placement of a finger on a string can affect the pitch of the note. 12. If the pitch of each note is not exactly correct, the result can be a barely recognizable tune. 13. Once a student has mastered pitch to some extent, he or she still has a great deal to think about, for posture, hand position, and bowing technique all require great concentration.

10. Just playing the proper notes, without being too sharp or flat, can be difficult on a violin. S 11. On a violin, the placement of a finger on a string can affect the pitch of the note. S 12. [If the pitch of each note is not exactly correct], the result can be a barely recognizable tune. CX 13. [Once a student has mastered pitch to some extent], he or she still has a great deal to think about, for posture, hand position, and bowing technique all require great concentration. CD-CX

14. When students can actually create music with this stubborn instrument, they have a reason to be proud. 15. Reluctantly, two of the boys stepped forward, and both of them admitted that they were responsible. 16. As far as I know, it belongs to anyone who wants to haul it away. 17. None of the dresses had any style, nor were they reasonably priced. 18. In spite of our differences, Margaret and I have been good friends since the third grade.

14. [When students can actually create music with this stubborn instrument], they have a reason to be proud. CX 15. Reluctantly, two of the boys stepped forward, and both of them admitted [that they were responsible]. CD-CX 16. [As far as I know], it belongs to anyone[who wants to haul it away]. CX 17. None of the dresses had any style, nor were they reasonably priced. CD 18. In spite of our differences, Margaret and I have been good friends since the third grade. S

19. Over the river and through the woods, to the Grammar Hall of Fame we go. 20. What she is saying is that I am right, and that you, therefore, are wrong. 21. We wanted to help, but because we didn’t want to interfere, we neglected to offer any assistance. 22. This unit on sentence structure reveals just how much fun grammar can be! 23. Of course, you and I already know that, but not all eighth graders are as grammatically experienced as we are.

19. Over the river and through the woods, to the Grammar Hall of Fame we go. S 20. [What she is saying] is [that I am right], and [that you, therefore, are wrong]. CX 21. We wanted to help, but [because we didn’t want to interfere], we neglected to offer any assistance. CD-CX 22. This unit on sentence structure reveals [just how much fun grammar can be!] CX 23. Of course, you and I already know that, but not all eighth graders are as grammatically experienced[as weare]. CD-CX

Sentence Structure in The Outsiders _______ 1. “I had nearly forgotten that Cherry was listening to me.” _______ 2. “Johnny sure did like that book, although he didn’t know anything about the Civil War and even less about plantations, and I had to explain a lot of it to him.” _______ 3. “It would be a miracle if Dally loved anything.” _______ 4. “The nurses wouldn’t tell us anything about Johnny and Dally, so Darry got hold of the doctor.”

Sentence Structure in The Outsiders CX 1. “I had nearly forgotten[that Cherry was listening to me].” CD-CX2. “Johnny sure did like that book, [although hedidn’t know anything about the Civil War and even less about plantations], and I had to explain a lot of it to him.” CX3. “It would be a miracle [if Dally loved anything].” CD4. “The nurses wouldn’t tell us anything about Johnny and Dally, so Darry got hold of the doctor.”

_______ 5. “The pool was empty now in the fall, but the fountain was going merrily.” _______ 6. “The park was about two blocks square, with a fountain in the middle and a small swimming pool.” _______ 7. “You might have thought it was Dally who fixed those races for Buck, being a jockey and all, but it wasn’t.” _______ 8. “I leaned back and closed my eyes and we were home before I knew it.” _______ 9. “I was kind of sick to my stomach and sort of groggy.”

CD 5. “The pool was empty now in the fall, but the fountain was going merrily.” S 6. “The park was about two blocks square, with a fountain in the middle and a small swimming pool.” CD-CX 7. “You might have thought[itwas Dally] [whofixed those races for Buck], being a jockey and all, but it wasn’t.” CD-CX8. “I leaned back and closed my eyes and we were home[before I knew it].” S 9. “I was kind of sick to my stomach and sort of groggy.”

_______ 10. “He stood there tall, broad- shouldered, his muscles taut under his T-shirt and his eyes glittering like ice.” _______ 11. “Dally had taken the car and I started the long walk home in a stupor.” _______ 12. “His eyes were closed, but when the door shut behind me he opened them.” _______ 13. “He grinned but didn’t deny it.” _______ 14. “I want you to tell Dally to look at one.” _______ 15. “I picked up the phone book and called my English teacher.”

S 10. “He stood there tall, broad-shouldered, his muscles taut under his T-shirt and his eyes glittering like ice.” CD 11. “Dally had taken the car and Istarted the long walk home in a stupor.” CD-CX12. “His eyes were closed, but [when the door shut behind me] he opened them.” S 13. “He grinned but didn’t deny it.” S 14. “I want you to tell Dally to look at one.” S 15. “I picked up the phone book and called my English teacher.”

Exercise 8 1. With the start of the Industrial Revolution, child labor laws were needed. • When these laws were enacted, employers didn’t always obey them. • When young children went to work in factories, many of the children suffered. • Eventually public outrage protected these children. • New laws forced employers to consider the children’s needs, but the laws left much to be desired. • Dickens, who saw the problem in England, wrote persuasively about it. • He wrote stories that outlined the abuses of child labor in graphic detail, and as a result, helped to abolish some of these abuses. 8. Today, no such child labor abuses exist in England or the United States.

Exercise 8 1. With the start of the Industrial Revolution, child labor laws were needed. S • [When these laws were enacted], employers didn’t always obey them. CX • [When young children went to work in factories], many of the children suffered. CX • Eventually public outrage protected these children. S • New laws forced employers to consider the children’s needs, but the laws left much to be desired. CD • Dickens, [who saw the problem in England], wrote persuasively about it. CX • He wrote stories [that outlined the abuses of child labor in graphic detail, and as a result, helped to abolish some of these abuses]. CX 8. Today, no such child labor abuses exist in England or the United States. S

Exercise 9 • Songkran, the Water Festival of Thailand, lasts for three days. • Some people, who spray water over the crowds, also carry large statues of Buddha down the street, and others set birds free. • People wear new clothes; they also carry bowls that contain fish to the river, where they release the fish. • Children show respect for their parents by pouring perfumed water into the adults’ hands. • After the Queen of the Water Festival is chosen, people sing and dance. • In Pakistan, the twenty-ninth night of Ramadan is the night of the big feast.

Exercise 9 • Songkran, the Water Festival of Thailand, lasts for three days. S • Some people, [who spray water over the crowds], also carry large statues of Buddha down the street, and others set birds free. CD-CX • People wear new clothes;they also carry bowls [that contain fish] to the river, [where they release the fish]. CD-CX • Children show respect for their parents by pouring perfumed water into the adults’ hands. S • [After the Queen of the Water Festival is chosen], people sing and dance. CX • In Pakistan, the twenty-ninth night of Ramadan is the night of the big feast. S

Exercise 9 continued • It is traditional that the house is cleaned so that it will sparkle for the celebration. • Children get up early in the morning and put on their best clothes. • All day long they eat sweet candies and spicy morsels; then they go off to fairs to see fireworks. • In Japan, when the peach trees bloom in March, the festival HinaMatsuri takes place. • Then Toshiko unpacks her cherished collection of old dolls, for the feast is the Girls’ Doll Festival. • Mothers tell daughters tales that fascinate the girls; also, the adults teach the girls how to prepare special foods for visitors.

Exercise 9 continued • It is traditional [that the house is cleaned] [so that it will sparkle for the celebration]. CX • Children get up early in the morning and put on their best clothes. S • All day long they eat sweet candies and spicy morsels;then they go off to fairs to see fireworks. CD • In Japan, [when the peach trees bloom in March], the festivalHinaMatsuri takes place. CX • Then Toshiko unpacks her cherished collection of old dolls, for the feast is the Girls’ Doll Festival. CD • Mothers tell daughters tales [that fascinate the girls];also, the adults teach the girls how to prepare special foods for visitors. CD-CX

Exercise 9 continued • After the celebration is over, the dolls are packed away for another year. • In India Holi is a day of frivolity celebrated every year in late February or March. • Throughout the day, young and old squirt each other’s hair and clothes with colored water, so all the participants wear old clothing, for they do not want to ruin their good clothes with the colors of the brilliant dyes.

Exercise 9 continued • [After the celebration is over], the dolls are packed away for another year. CX • In India Holi is a day of frivolity celebrated every year in late February or March. S • Throughout the day, young and old squirt each other’s hair and clothes with colored water, so all the participants wear old clothing, for they do not want to ruin their good clothes with the colors of the brilliant dyes. CD

Exercise 10 • Some preferred David Attenborough’s program “Life on Earth,” but I liked “The Living Planet” better. • David Attenborough finds unusual animals, and he observes them in their natural environments. • He has traveled to tundra regions and tropical rain forests, for his study of living creatures includes all forms of nature. • The Walbiri people in the central desert of Australia often paint pictures on cliffs, and the colors of their paintings are made from mineral ochers. • Programs by Attenborough, Cousteau, and other naturalists may be seen on educational television stations across the nation.

Exercise 10 • Some preferred David Attenborough’s program “Life on Earth,” butI liked “The Living Planet” better. • David Attenborough finds unusual animals, and he observes them in their natural environments. • He has traveled to tundra regions and tropical rain forests, forhis study of living creatures includes all forms of nature. • The Walbiri people in the central desert of Australia often paint pictures on cliffs, andthe colors of their paintings are made from mineral ochers. • Programs by Attenborough, Cousteau, and other naturalists may be seen on educational television stations across the nation.

Exercise 12 • Cece went to Chile over the winter vacation, but her older brother stayed home because he had made plans with some friends. • When Mr. Tolstoi entered the United States, he knew a few words of English, but his wife was fluent in the language. • The two young men had avoided injuries because they had worn their seat belts, but the family in the other car was not as fortunate. • Vegetarians, who do not eat any animal products, should watch their diet, and they should eat balanced meals. • Chip went to his soccer practice, and Angela went to her piano lesson, though they were tired.

Exercise 12 • Cece went to Chile over the winter vacation, but her older brother stayed home [because he had made plans with some friends]. • [When Mr. Tolstoientered the United States], he knew a few words of English, but his wife was fluent in the language. • The two young men had avoided injuries [because they had worn their seat belts], but the family in the other car was not as fortunate. • Vegetarians, [who do not eat any animal products], should watch their diet, and they should eat balanced meals. • Chip went to his soccer practice, and Angela went to her piano lesson, [though they were tired].

Exercise 12, continued • When I went to the lobby for a drink, there was a long line at the snack counter, but I didn’t mind because I didn’t like the movie. • The two dogs barked at each other constantly until the sun arose, so my mother talked to their owner this morning. • Is it true that people get the hiccups because they are frightened, or does fear only cure the hiccups? • As we left the library, the rain pelted down, so we went back inside. • Whenever I closed my eyes, I saw that ugly monster with the glaring eyes, and I became frightened again.

Exercise 12, continued • [When I went to the lobby for a drink], there was a long line at the snack counter, but I didn’t mind [because I didn’t like the movie]. • The two dogs barked at each other constantly [until the sun arose], so my mother talked to their owner this morning. • Is it true [that people get the hiccups] [because they are frightened], or does fear only cure the hiccups? • [As we left the library], the rain pelted down, so we went back inside. • [Whenever I closed my eyes], I saw that ugly monster with the glaring eyes, and I became frightened again.

Exercise 13 • Insects do not have lungs; instead, they breathe through tiny holes in their bodies. • Professional athletes are well paid; but they usually retire when they are relatively young. • Although they were both writers of renown, neither Mark Twain nor Robert Frost ever received a Nobel Prize. • The dodo bird is extinct; however, other flightless birds do exist. • The debating team chose both Darryl and Kate to represent them in the finals.

Exercise 13 • Insects do not have lungs; instead, they breathe through tiny holes in their bodies. CD • Professional athletes are well paid; but they usually retire [when they are relatively young.] CD-CX • [Although they were both writers of renown], neither Mark Twain nor Robert Frost ever received a Nobel Prize. CX • The dodo bird is extinct;however, other flightless birds do exist. CD • The debating team chose both Darryl and Kate to represent them in the finals. S

Exercise 13, continued • Mr. Lewis wants us to turn in our reports by Friday so that he can read them over the weekend. • The tailless Manx cat is an unusual breed; still, it acts like other cats. • People have become more aware of the plight of the homeless because the media have been covering the issue very intensely lately. • Ms. Sherwood said we could borrow her bicycle whenever we wanted to! • English is now one of the most widely spoken languages in the world; however, at one time it was not even the official language of England. • Unless it snows, we’ll pick you up at six o’clock sharp! • They spoke either French or Spanish the whole day. (It was all Greek to me!!!)

Exercise 13, continued • Mr. Lewis wants us to turn in our reports by Friday [so that he can read them over the weekend]. CX • The tailless Manx cat is an unusual breed; still, it acts like other cats. CD • People have become more aware of the plight of the homeless [because the media have been covering the issue very intensely lately]. CX • Ms. Sherwood said we could borrow her bicycle [whenever we wanted to!] CX • English is now one of the most widely spoken languages in the world; however, at one time it was not even the official language of England. CD • [Unless it snows], we’ll pick you up at six o’clock sharp! CX • They spoke either French or Spanish the whole day. (It was all Greek to me!!!) S, S

Exercise 13, continued • Stavros is not only class president but also captain of the swimming team. • Sandy loves to sail, yet she can’t swim very well. • Since the garden was fertilized in the fall, it will grow well in the spring. • Either Ali or James will have the lead in the junior class play. • Some common plants are poisonous; therefore, they should be kept away from small children.

Exercise 13, continued • Stavros is not only class president but also captain of the swimming team. S • Sandy loves to sail, yet she can’t swim very well. CD • [Since the garden was fertilized in the fall], it will grow well in the spring. CX • Either Ali or James will have the lead in the junior class play. S • Some common plants are poisonous; therefore, they should be kept away from small children. CD

Exercise 13, continued • Both Winston Churchill and Albert Einstein were poor students. • That car is ten years old; however, it still runs smoothly. • Since Jason has an after-school job, he can’t try out for the tennis team. • Susan plans to take a short vacation if she can get some time off. • Neither radio nor television offered any good programs last night. • Paul Revere was not only a silversmith but also a dentist.

Exercise 13, continued • Both Winston Churchill and Albert Einstein were poor students. S • That car is ten years old;however, it still runs smoothly. CD • [Since Jason has an after-school job], he can’t try out for the tennis team. CX • Susan plans to take a short vacation [if she can get some time off]. CX • Neither radio nor television offered any good programs last night. S • Paul Revere was not only a silversmith but also a dentist. S

Exercise 14 • Picasso was a famous painter; also, he was a sculptor. • Neither the president nor the vice president will attend. • There was a great deal of discussion, yet nothing was decided. • I hope we’ll have a class party when school is over in June! • Abby will take either mechanical drawing or art next semester. • Snow crystals are all different, but each has six points.

Exercise 14 • Picasso was a famous painter;also, he was a sculptor. CD • Neither the president nor the vice president will attend. S • There was a great deal of discussion, yet nothing was decided. CD • I hope [we’ll have a class party] [when school is over in June]! CX • Abby will take either mechanical drawing or art next semester. S • Snow crystals are all different, but each has six points. CD

Exercise 14, continued • The lizard detached its tail; consequently, it escaped capture. • The candidate was not only articulate but also well informed. • Even though the United States is a comparatively young country, it has the oldest written constitution in the world. • Both Illinois and Michigan are named for Native American peoples. • Mr. Wilson has just moved to the state; therefore, he can’t vote yet. • Our class plans to invite Senator Specter to speak to us because we want to know more about how our government works.

Exercise 14, continued • The lizard detached its tail; consequently, it escaped capture. CD • The candidate was not only articulate but also well informed. S • [Even though the United States is a comparatively young country],it has the oldest written constitution in the world. CX • Both Illinois and Michigan are named for Native American peoples. S • Mr. Wilson has just moved to the state;therefore, he can’t vote yet. CD • Our class plans to invite Senator Specter to speak to us [because we want to know more about] [how our government works]. CX

Vocab. D, Unit 14 The two nations protested when their militant neighbor annexed the disputed territory. After the debacle of their crushing loss in the World Series, the team vowed to return next year. 7. The last thing I want is to embroil myself in a dispute between two of my best friends. 8. The prisoner was set free after ten years, thanks to new evidence that exonerated him of all charges.

Clauses and Sentence Structure