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Variables

Variables. Definition of variable: is a characteristic or attribute of a person or object (polit, 2004). Example of some variables Weight. Body temperature. Blood pressure reading. • Stress level. • Anxiety level. Types of variables.

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Variables

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  1. Variables Definition of variable: is a characteristic or attribute of a person or object (polit, 2004). Example of some variables • Weight. • Body temperature. • Blood pressure reading. • Stress level. • Anxiety level Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  2. Types of variables 1-Continuous variables: variable can take on a range of different values. Their values can be presented on continuum. Examples . Age . weight, . height. Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  3. 2-Categorical variables: variables that take on a much smaller range of values. Example: . Male or female . Pregnant / not pregnant . . Smoker / non-smoker. . HIV positive/ HIV negative. .When the categorical variables take on only two values, they are sometimes referred to as dichotomous variables. Some additional examples of categorical variables. . marital state (married, single, divorce, and widowed). Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  4. 3. Dependent variables:the outcome variable of interest (effect). The dependent variable usually is the variable the researcher is interested in understanding, explaining or predicting. Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  5. 4- Independent variable: the variable that is believed to cause or influence the dependent variable. In the experimental research the independent variable is the variable that is manipulated. Note: the presumed cause is referred to as the independent Example: the extent to which lung cancer (dependent variable) Depends on smoking behavior (independent variable). Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  6. 5. Extraneous variable:variable that confounds the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable that needs to be controlled either in the research design or through statistical procedure. Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  7. 6. Homogenous variable: the degree to which objects or variables are similar characteristic. 7-Heterogeneous variable: the degree to which objects or variables are dissimilar characteristic Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  8. Example of independent (IDV) and dependent variables (DV) 1- Do physician administer greater amount of narcotic drug to men than women. DV IDV Amount of narcotic Gender Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  9. 2- what is the effect of activity and bed rest on weight reduction among Gestational diabetes women. DV IDV Weight reduction Activity& rest Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  10. 3- Is adherence to therapeutic regime decrease the incidence of PIH. DV IDV Incidence of PIH Adherence of therapeutic regime Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  11. Hypotheses Definition of hypothesis : It is a statement of predicted relationship between two or more than two variables. Note: The difference between problem statement and hypothesis is that Hypothesis translate problem statements into predictions of expected outcomes. Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  12. Types of Hypotheses 1. Simple Hypothesis :A hypothesis that predicts the relationship between one dependent variable (DV) and one independent variable (IDV). It is easy to test and analyze it. Example There is a relationship between smoking and development of stroke among hypertensive patients in Gaza strip. Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  13. 2. Complex hypothesis:(Multivariate hypothesis) : A hypothesis that predicts the relationship between two or more dependent variables and two or more independent variables. Example: There is a relationship between high fat diet and smoking and development of atherosclerosis and stroke among hypertensive patients in Gaza strip. Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  14. 3. Directional hypothesis: is one that specifies the expected direction of the relationship between variables. The researcher predicts not only the existence of a relationship but also the nature of the relationship. The key word of directional hypothesis is (less, more, greater, lower, higher, positive, negative) Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  15. Example 1. Hypertensive smoker's patients are more likely to develop stroke than hypertensive non-smoker's patients. 2. Older midwives are less likely to express approval of the expanding roles than younger midwives. Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  16. 4. Statistical hypothesis (Null hypothesis): is one that stated there is no relationship between variables. Example • Hypertensive smoker's patients are likely to develop stroke as hypertensive non-smoker's patients. 2. Older midwives are likely to express approval of the expanding roles as younger physiotherapist. Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  17. Hypothesis criteria The hypothesis should includes 1. Population 2. Variables 3. Reflect the problem statement Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  18. Exercise Look at the following hypotheses, and write down what are the two variables, statement of purpose, and null hypothesis. Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  19. 1. Men and women with arthritis differ in their responsiveness to heat treatment. (Hypothesis) Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  20. Independent variable:sex (male or female) Dependent variable: responsiveness to heat treatment Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  21. Problem statement • Statement of purpose: The purpose of this study is to explain the relationship between men and women and their responsiveness to heat treatment among patients with arthritis. b. Research question: what isthe relationship between men and women and their responsiveness to heat treatment among patients with arthritis. Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  22. 2. There is a difference in professional competence between midwives who trained in hospital-based training schools than those who trained in polytechnic-based training schools (Hypothesis) Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  23. Independent variable: Type of training establishment (hospital-based or polytechnic-based) Dependent variable: professional competence Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  24. Problem statement • Statement of purpose:The purpose of this study is to compare between Type of training establishment (hospital-based or polytechnic-based) and professional competence among midwives. b. Research question:Are there a relationship between Type of training establishment (hospital-based or polytechnic-based) and professional competence among midwives. Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

  25. Statistical hypothesis (Null hypothesis) There is no relationship between Type of training establishment (hospital-based or polytechnic-based) and professional competence among midwives. Dr. Yousef Aljeesh

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