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CHAPTER EIGHT

Learn about the immune system, the body's defense against disease-causing organisms, and how it removes dead and damaged cells. Discover the three lines of defense and the role of antibodies in protecting against harmful invaders. Understand the concept of active and passive immunity, and explore common immune disorders and infectious diseases.

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CHAPTER EIGHT

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  1. CHAPTER EIGHT

  2. IMMUNE SYSTEM • THE BODY’S DEFENSE AGAINST DISEASE-CAUSING ORGANISMS • ALSO REMOVES DEAD AND DAMAGED CELLS • DESTROYS CELLS THAT ARE NOT FUNCTIONING NORMALLY

  3. THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE • THE SKIN AND THE SUBSTANCES IT PRODUCES FORM A BARRIER BETWEEN THE BODY AND IT’S SURROUNDINGS • PROTECTIVE REFLEXES SUCH AS COUGHING OR SNEEZING

  4. ENTRANCE OF DISEASE • SOME DISEASE-CAUSING ORGANISMS ENTER THROUGH A RIP OR TEAR IN THE SKIN • SOME ARE INHALED THROUGH THE AIR • MUCUS AND CILIA TRAP AND GET RID OF MOST

  5. SOME ENTER THROUGH THE MOUTH • SALIVA IS LOADED WITH INVADER-KILLING CHEMICALS • STOMACH ACID GET THOSE THAT GET PAST THE SALIVA

  6. THE SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE THE BODY INCREASES THE BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE AREA BEING ATTACKED

  7. TINY WHITE BLOOD CELLS ATTACK INVADING ORGANISMS AND GOBBLE THEM UP • WHITE BLOOD CELLS LEAVE THE BLOOD AND ENTER NEARBY TISSUE • LARGER WHITE BLOOD CELLS SOON JOIN THEM DESTROYING HARMFUL BACTERIA

  8. INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE • DEAD BLOOD CELLS AND BACTERIA • SKIN BECOMES RED AND SWOLLEN JUST BELOW THE SURFACE • IT IS HOTTER THAN THE SURROUNDING SKIN

  9. INFLAMMATION AROUND SPIDER BITE

  10. INTERFERON • PRODUCED BY THE BODY CELLS WHEN ATTACKED BY A VIRUS • INTERFERES WITH THE REPRODUCTION OF THE VIRUS

  11. THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE • ANTIBODIES – PROTEINS MADE BY THE IMMUNE SYSTEM • SOME ARE ATTACHED TO CERTAIN TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS • OTHERS FLOAT AROUND IN THE BLOOD

  12. DESTROY HARMFUL INVADERS • ATTACK A SPECIFIC KIND OF INVADER

  13. ANTIBODY ATTACKING AN INVADER

  14. ANTIGEN – ANTIBODY GENERATOR • SHAPED LIKE A “T” • WHEN ACTIVE, SHAPED LIKE A “Y” THAT BINDS IT TO THE ANTIGEN • PREVENTS INVADERS FROM ATTACKING THE CELLS

  15. ANTIGENS

  16. THE ATTACHMENT OF ANTIBODIES SLOW DOWN THE BACTERIA, FUNGI, OR PROTOZOANS • THEY ARE THEN GOBBLED UP BY THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS

  17. SOME ANTIBODIES BLAST A HOLE IN THE OUTER COVERING OF THE INVADER’S CELLS

  18. ACTIVE “T” CELL

  19. IMMUNITY • THE NEXT TIME THE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN INVADES – THE “T” CELLS WILL BE READY AND YOU WILL NOT GET SICK • IMMUNITY – RESISTANCE TO A DISEASE ORGANISM OR HARMFUL SUBSTANCE

  20. ACTIVE IMMUNITY • YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONDS TO AN ANTIGEN • YOU GET THE DISEASE ONCE

  21. BABY WITH CHICKEN POX

  22. VACCINATION ANTIGENS ARE DELIBERTELY INTRODUCED TO STIMULATE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

  23. DEVELOPED FROM DISEASE-CAUSING ORGANISMS THAT ARE KILLED OR WEAKENED • MOST INTRODUCED BY INJECTION • SOME LIKE SABIN POLIO ARE TAKEN THROUGH THE MOUTH

  24. DR. SAULK

  25. LENGTH OF IMMUNITY VARIES WITH THE DISEASE • BOOSTER SHOT – REMINDS THE BODY TO INCREASE PRODUCTION OF ANITBODIES

  26. PASSIVE IMMUNITY • GET ANTIBODIES FROM ANOTHER SOURCE • MOTHER TO UNBORN CHILD THROUGH THE PLACENTA

  27. CAN BE FROM AN ANIMAL LIKE A HORSE • ANTIBODIES REMOVED FROM THE ANIMAL AND INJECTED INTO HUMAN

  28. IMMUNE DISORDERS • SOMETIMES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM BECOMES OVERLY SENSITIVE TO A FOREIGN SUBSTANCE • CAN BE FOOLED BY INVADERS THAT HIDE WITHIN IT’S CELLS

  29. ALLERGIES • OVERLY SENSITIVE TO CERTAIN SUBSTANCES – ALLERGENS • ANTIBODIES ARE PRODUCED THAT RELEASE HISTAMINES

  30. HISTAMINES – CHEMICALS RESPONSIBLE FOR SYMPTOMS • GET SOME RELIEF FROM ANTIHISTAMINES

  31. AIDS ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICENCY SYNDROME

  32. DISCOVERED IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1983

  33. HIV HUMAN IMMUNE VIRUS

  34. HIV ENTERS THE BODY AND ATTACKS THE “T” CELLS • HIV EVADES ANTIBODIES BY GROWING WITHIN THE CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

  35. ONCE INSIDE A “T” CELL – IT REPRODUCES AND DESTROYS THE “T” CELL

  36. KAPOSIS SARCOMA

  37. THE RESULT OF “T” CELLS BEING DESTROYED IS THE BODY ALLOWS DISEASE-CAUSING INVADERS TO GROW AND MULTIPLY • THESE REPEATED ATTACKS OF DISEASE WEAKENS AND EVENTUALLY KILLS PEOPLE

  38. HIV IS SPREAD BY DIRECT CONTACT OF BODILY FLUIDS WITH AN INFECTED PERSON • THERE IS AN ALARMING INCREASE OF AIDS AMONG SEXUALLY ACTIVE TEENAGERS • SHARING NEEDLES CAN SPREAD THE DISEASE • UNBORN BABIES CAN GET IT FROM THEIR MOTHERS

  39. PRIOR TO 1985 – CONTAMINATED BLOOD SPREAD THE DISEASE THROUGH TRANSFUSSIONS • MANDATORY SCREENING IS NOW IN PLACE

  40. THERE IS NO CURE

  41. DISEASES

  42. INFECTIOUS DISEASE • TRANSMITTED AMONG PEOPLE • CAN BE TRANSMITTED BY ANIMALS, AND NON-LIVING THINGS TOO

  43. ANIMALS • ANIMALS CAN SPREAD DISEASE TO PEOPLE • TICKS – LYME AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER • MAMMALS AND BIRDS - RABIES

  44. TICKS

  45. FOOD AND WATER • FOOD POISONING – FOOD CONTAMINATED WITH A CERTAIN BACTERIA • POOR SANITATION – HEPATITIS, CHOLERA, AND TYPHOID FEVER

  46. MICROORGANISMS • BACTERIA • VIRUSES • PROTOZOANS • FUNGI

  47. A COUGH OR SNEEZE EXPELS DROPLETS OF MOISTURE THAT MAY CONTAIN DISEASE-CAUSING MICROORGANISMS • SNEEZE – 5,000 DROPLETS TRAVEL AS FAR AS 3.7 METERS • IF YOU ARE NEAR YOU WILL BREATHE IN THESE DROPLETS

  48. EPIDEMIC VERY CONTAGIOUS DISEASE THAT SWEEPS THROUGH AN AREA

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