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Ecology

Ecology. Chapter 52. 52.1:Ecology Integrates Biological Research Ecology : Interactions between organisms and their environment. Ecology. The biosphere is made up of systems that interact and are dependent on each other. Includes all living and non living things Global ecosystem

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Ecology

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  1. Ecology Chapter 52

  2. 52.1:Ecology Integrates Biological Research • Ecology: Interactions between organisms and their environment Ecology

  3. The biosphere is made up of systems that interact and are dependent on each other. • Includes all living and non living things • Global ecosystem • All planet’s ecosystems Biosphere

  4. The biosphere’s systems are called ECOSYSTEMS. • All ecosystems must have a constant source of energy(usually the sun) and cycles or systems to reuse raw materials. • Examples: Water, Nitrogen and Carbon cycles. • An ecosystem is made up of all the biotic or living and the abiotic or non-living components in a given area. Ecosystem

  5. Population • A population is all the members of a given species in a given area. Example - All the turtles in a Lake.

  6. Community • Community - all the living things in an area Example – Fish, algae, ducks, etc.

  7. The niche describes the species' role or function within this community. • Niche and habitat are not the same. • While many species may share a habitat, this is not true of a niche. Ecological Niche

  8. The red fox's habitat, which might include a forest is shared with many animals . • The niche of the red fox is that of a predator which feeds on small mammals, amphibians, insects, and fruit. Red foxes are nocturnal. • They are a host to blackflies and mosquitoes, and are host to numerous diseases. • The scraps, or carrion, left behind after a fox's meal provide food for many small scavengers and decomposers. This, then, is the ecological niche of the red fox. • Only the red fox occupies this niche in the meadow community. Ecological Niche vs. Habitat

  9. Organismal Ecology: Includes physiological, behavioral, and evolutionary biology • Ex. How do penguins select a mate? • Population Ecology: The study of the size and composition of populations of organisms (one species) • Ex. What factors affect reproduction of mice? • Community Ecology: The study of the interaction between different species of organisms • Ex. How does a fox’s population affect the rabbit population? Areas of Ecological Study

  10. Ecosystem Ecology: The study of biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem • Ex. What factors affect the photosynthesis of plants in a grassland? • Landscape Ecology: Ecology across adjacent ecosystems. • Ex. What factors affect the dispersal of animals in different ecosystems?

  11. Ecological vs Evolutionary Effect • Farmer add pesticides to his crops to prevent insect infestation • Ecological Effect • Each year he must add more pesticides to obtain the same results. • The pesticides has altered the gene pool of the insects-making them more resistant. • Evolutionary Effect

  12. Behavioral adaptations are almost instantaneous in their effects and are reversible • Ex. • Physiological adaptations may be implemented and changed over time scales ranging from seconds to weeks • Ex. • Morphological adaptations may develop over the lifetimes of individual organisms or between generations • Ex. • Adaptive genetic changes in populations are slower still, usually evolving over several generations • Ex. Adaptation to Environment

  13. Behavioral Ecology

  14. Population Ecology

  15. Community Ecology

  16. Ecosystem Ecology

  17. Landscape Ecology

  18. Principle of Allocation: "Each organism has a limited amount of energy that can be allocated for obtaining nutrients, escaping from predators, coping with environmental fluctuations, growth and reproduction.“ • Conformers: Organisms whose internal environment conforms physically or chemical to its external environment • Ex. • Regulators: Organisms whose internal environment doesnot conform to its external environment • Ex. • Why regulate? Why Conform? Principle of Allocation

  19. Conformers / Regulators

  20. Impact of Environment

  21. Conforming Limits Range

  22. Ecology and evolutionary biology are closely related sciences • Events that occur in the framework of ecologicaltime (minutes, days, years) translate into effects over evolutionarytime (decades, millennia). • Example:  Hawks feeding on mice impact mouse population and may eventually lead to selection for mice with fur as camouflage.

  23. 52.2: Dispersal & Distribution of Species • Dispersal- movement of organisms away from their origin or highly dense populations • Natural Range Expansion shows the influence of dispersal on distribution • Ex. Cattle Egret dispersed from Africa to South America

  24. Abiotic Factors The nonlivingthings in an environment • Includes Chemical & Physical aspects of environment Examples -Sunlight -Temperature -Rainfall -Climate -Soil conditions -Nutrients

  25. All the living things or their materials that directly or indirectly affect an organism in its environment.   Examples • Organisms • Organisms’ wastes Some Biotic Factors -Parasitism -Disease -Predation -Symbiosis Biotic Factors

  26. Species dispersal contributes to the distribution of organisms • Question: Is the distribution of a species limited by dispersal, i.e. by movement of the organisms? • Answer can be obtained by transplant experiments. • If the transplant is successful, then the organisms just haven’t reached the target area. • If the transplant is not successful, then other factors limit the distribution of the organisms, such as competitors, lack of a food source, etc.

  27. Abiotic factors that affect Distribution • Temperature • Affects biological processes • Ex. Many animals increase energy expenditure to regulate internal temperature • Water • Ex. Desert organisms have adaptations to store water • Ex. Camels’ humps, waxy leaf plants • Salinity • Osmoregulation of aquatic organisms • Can either survive in fresh or salt water-but not both

  28. Abiotic factors that affect Distribution • Sunlight • Main source of energy in ecosystems • Too much- May damage DNA and proteins (animals) • Too little- prevents photosynthesis (plants) • Wind • Increases heat & water loss • Rocks and soil • pH and mineral composition

  29. Climate • Definition: Weather conditions of a particular area • What makes up climate? • Temperature • Precipitation • Sunlight • Wind

  30. Global Climate • Dependent upon: • Variations in reception of solar radiation due to a spherical earth; • The tilt of the earth’s axis as it rotates about the sun; • The distribution of landmasses and oceans; • Topography (landscape) features of the land. • Ocean currents • Ex. Gulf stream carries warm water from Equator- N. Atlantic • Oceans and lakes- due to high specific heat

  31. Mountains • Affect amount of sunlight reaching an area • South facing slopes in N. Hemisphere-receive more sun • Warmer & drier • Affect precipitation • When warm moist air approaches a mtn, the air rises and cools • Windward- rains • Leeward- dry conditions • Cool air descends- produces “rain shadows”

  32. Biotic factors that affect Distribution Pollinators Prey Predators

  33.   52.3: Aquatic biomes • Biome: Terrestrial or aquatic life zones • Cover about 75% of the earth’s surface • Wetlands • Lakes • Rivers, streams • Coral reefs • Oceans

  34. Stratification of Aquatic Biomes • Photic zone- sufficient light for photosynthesis • Most plankon survive here • (photo= light) • Aphotic zone-light does not penetrate • No photosynthesis • Minimal organisms • Benthic-bottom of aquatic biome • Sandy • Organisms- benthos feed on detritus (dead organic matter) • Abyssal zone- Very deep part of ocean • Very cold and high water pressure • Absent of light • Low nutrients • (Abyss)=deep

  35. Intertidal zone-shallow zone of ocean that meets land Often polluted by oil that decreases biodiversity. (Inter= between)

  36. Marine environment with zonation.

  37. Rivers and Streams • Environment: Currents • Organisms: Require adaptations so that they are not swept away by moving water • Human Impact: Changing the course of flow • Ex- dams and channels

  38. Oligotrophic Lakes • Nutrient: Poor, rich in oxygen • Organisms: Min. algae, minimal phytoplankton • Environment: Deep with little surface area. • (Oligo =small/scant)

  39. Eutrophic lake • Nutrient : Rich, oxygen poor • Organisms: Algae • Human impact: Fertilizers • (Eu =good/well)

  40. Check Point • What type of lake is rich in nutrients?

  41. Check Point-Answers • What type of lake is rich in nutrients? • Eutrophic lakes

  42. Wetlands • Ex’s: Marshes, bogs, swamps, seasonal ponds. • Among richest biomes with respect to biodiversity and productivity. • Human Impact: Wastelands.

  43. Estuary • Transition of freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean. • Organisms: Highly productive biome • Human Impact: Polluted from river input so many fisheries are now lost. • (Estuar= the sea)

  44. Coral Reefs • Warm, tropical water • Organisms: Cnidarians (corals) • Rich biodiversity • Human Impact: Global temperature changes

  45. Deep-sea vent • Occurs in benthic zone • Organisms: Unusual organisms • Chemotrophs • Energy comes not from light but from chemicals released from the magma.

  46. 52.4: Terrestrial biomes • Important Feature- Vertical layering • Canopy- upper layer • Shrubs • Forest floor (litter layer ) • Root layer

  47. Tropical Forest • Features: Vertical stratification • Canopy blocking light to bottom strata. • Distribution: Equatorial regions • Organisms: Most diverse • Epiphytes (plants that grow on other plants) • Climate: Little variation-warm

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