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Age of Absolutism: Russia

Age of Absolutism: Russia. First, some geography Russia in BIG Physically diverse Ethnically diverse. Compared in Latitude & Area with the United States. Russia’s Time Zones. The Steppes. Grassland used for growing cereals or for raising livestock “Bread Basket” of Russia

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Age of Absolutism: Russia

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  1. Age of Absolutism:Russia

  2. First, some geography • Russia in BIG • Physically diverse • Ethnically diverse

  3. Compared in Latitude & Area with the United States

  4. Russia’s Time Zones

  5. The Steppes Grassland used for growing cereals or for raising livestock “Bread Basket” of Russia Essential to Russia’s well-being

  6. Themes in Russian History Expansion by conquest Need for warm-water port The necessity of a strong, central government These dictate emerging Russian policy

  7. Early Russia (before 1000 CE)

  8. Trade routes connecting the Kievan Rus with Europe and Asia

  9. Early Byzantine Influences:Orthodox Christianity

  10. Interior of a Byzantine Church

  11. Novgorod

  12. Novgorod • Oldest Slavic city in Russia • Eastern-most trading post with the Hanseatic League (furs) • Decline: Could not feed population, had to import grain • Annexed by the Grand Duke of Muscovy

  13. Golden Age of Kiev • 980-1054 • Orthodox Christianity arrives • Written legal code • Trade with West brings prosperity • Rise of the Boyars (hereditary nobles)

  14. Kievan Administration • Boyars have highest offices • Boyar Council advised the Prince • Received grants of land

  15. The Mongols Invade Russia: 1237-1240

  16. The Mongols Invade Russia: 1237-1240 • Policy: keep rival Russian states weak and divided • 1340s – plague weakens Mongol rule • Internal strife for Mongols • Duchy of Muscovy challenges Mongol rule

  17. The Rise of “Russia”

  18. Muscovy • Remote, secure from Mongol attack • Rivers lead to the Baltic and Black Seas and Caucasus region. • Rule by a series of ambitious and lucky princes

  19. Muscovy • Strong dynasty, smooth transitions • Rival states fragmented • Vasily II (1448) declares Russian Orthodox independence from Constantinople • Ivan III: “The Great” • 1462-1505 • Expands Muscovite borders, includes“ethnically” Russian people • (tripled size) • Expels Mongols • Grand Duke of Muscovy (Moscow) and first ruler of the “Russian” people • Centralized government

  20. Ivan III Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Requesting More Tribute in 1480.

  21. Ivan IV: “The Terrible” • 1530-1584 • Grandson of Ivan III • First to take title of Tsar

  22. Ivan The Terrible • Modernizations: • Standing army • Parliament of feudal estates, council of nobles • Rural areas “self-manage” • Restricted mobility of peasants – led to permanent serfdom • Trade with England • Annexed land farther south, east: Russia becomes more multi-ethnic

  23. Ivan the Terrible • Death and Destruction • Oprichnina • Quasi Religious • Black robes • No taxes • Monastic vows • Massacre of Novgorod (60,000 dead)

  24. Ivan the Terrible • Warfare • Fought Sweden, Lithuania, Poland with no gain • 24 years • Trade blockade • Famine • Mentally unstable • Beat son to death • Probably poisoned by closest advisor (Godunov) • Succeeded by son who left rule to Godunov

  25. Boris Godunov • Brother in law of Tsar Feodor • Murdered Ivan’s last son • Tried to modernize • Peace with Scandinavian countries

  26. Time of Troubles: 1598-1613 • Little Ice Age destroys harvests • Starvation • Migration, disintegration • Pretenders to the throne: all claim to be the last son of Ivan

  27. Michael Romanov (r. 1613-1645) Lasted 300 years

  28. Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725) • Co-rulers with older half-brother • Rebellion by half-sister • Greatly expands Russian borders

  29. Russia Under Peter I

  30. Peter I • Modernizer • no beards, western clothing, French • Suppressed rebellions • Rank by service, not inheritance • Diminished Boyars • Warm-water port (Black Sea) • Must defeat Ottomans, must gain support of other rulers • France and Austria are busy with war of Spanish Succession • War with Sweden for control of Baltic.

  31. Rebellion of the Streltsy: 1698 • While Peter is away, Sophia attempts a coup • Returns, wins, and forces her to become a nun. • Loses only one man; helps execute over 1,200 rebels

  32. Battle of Poltava (Great Northern War: 1709) • Swedes invade Ukraine with help of Cossacks • Swedish army finally defeated • Disease • Starvation • Outnumbered

  33. Battles • 1711: Peter defeated by the Ottomans • Must give back Black Sea regions • Great Northern War: 1700-1720 • Gives up Finland • Gains Baltic States

  34. Russia & Sweden After the Great Northern War

  35. St. Petersburg

  36. The Sun King Style

  37. Empress Anna I • Daughter of Peter the Great's half-brother and co-ruler, Ivan V

  38. Ivan VI • Tsar 1740-41 (at age of 1) • Imprisoned, replaced by Elizabeth, daughter of Peter I • Murdered after 20 years of imprisonment (at age 24)

  39. Empress Elizabeth • Seized power from Empress Anna • "Who do you want to serve? Me, the natural sovereign, or those who have stolen my inheritance?" • Expansionism • Pro-Austria, Pro English • Attempts to reduce power of Prussia

  40. Peter III • Nephew of Elizabeth, hated all things Russian • Ruled for 6 months • Arrested, abdicated, murdered • Mentally weak • Unpopular • Made peace with Prussia • Lutheranism

  41. Catherine II • German, but loved all things Russian • Wife of Peter III • Regent for son Paul, but ruled in own right • Gained territory from Ottomans • Crimean penninsula on Black Sea • Allied with Poland, Prussia, and Sweden to counter the Austrians

  42. Catherine: An “Enlightened” Ruler • Welcomed western ideas • Modernization to advance Russian interests • “Age of Imitation” • Leads to great Russian art, music, and literature • Voltaire

  43. Paul I • Son of Catherine, but raised by Empress Elizabeth (his great aunt) • Encouraged love of Russia from birth • Death brings stability

  44. The Pendulum of Russian History Pro-WestFor Progress & ChangeEncourage New Ideas,Technologies, etc. Anti-WestIsolationistXenophobicUltra-Conservative • Most Tsars • Russian Orthodox Church • Military • Boyars • peasants • A few Tsars • Intellectual elites • Merchants/businessmen • Young members of the middle class. DEMAGOGUE = appeals to popular fears REFORM-MINDEDLEADER

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