Chapter 18

1. Chapter 18 The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, And Social Change

3. Problems in France: weak, incompetent government Britain: King vs. Nobility, Parliament-patronage Rise of Absolutism in central and eastern Europe-Prussia, Russia, Austria The European States • Enlightened Absolutism-not incredibly drastic, social utility • Limited by presence of nobility and their interests • Some accomplishments of note: legal reform, education reform, religious toleration, etc,

4. Austria: centralized by Maria Theresa Joseph II pursued enlightened absolutism and radical reform but failed Participant in Seven Years War The European States cont. • Prussia: Increasingly militarized and bureaucratized-middle class bureaucracy • Frederick William I and Frederick the Great • Participant in the Seven Years War

5. Spain: under Bourbon control, temporarily rejuvenated Portugal: weakened, no longer a major power Italian states: Dominated by Austria Scandinavian states: made attempts at enlightened reform, but ultimately returned to traditional rule The European States cont. • Russia: Increased it's territory, power of nobles strengthened • Along with Austria and Prussia, partitioned Poland; also had control of “independent” Polish state

6. Wars and Diplomacy: (1740-1748)War of Austrian Succession • -Unable to produce an heir to the Austrian throne • -Charles VI negotiated pragmatic sanction, holding throne for daughter Maria Theresa • -Pragmatic Sanction disregarded, Frederick II (Prussia) invaded Austrian Silesia, and France helped • -Maria Theresa joined with Great Britain • -Fought all over Europe and its colonies • -1748 Aix la Chapelle (treaty), all territories returned except Silesia (to Prussia)

7. Wars and Diplomacy: (1756-1763) The Seven Years War • Maria Theresa wanted Silesia back, worked to separate Prussia and France • New alliances: France/Austria/Russia vs. Great Britain/Prussia • Conflict in Europe -Frederick II defeated -Russia leaders changed, withdrew from conflict -Peace of Hubertusburg 1763, Prussia gets Silesia • War in India (Britain/France) -British (under Robert Clive) won, Treaty of Paris 1763 • French and Indian war -French/Indians vs. Colonists/British -Treaty of Paris: Britain gains most of America

8. Wars and Diplomacy: Armies and Warfare • composition of armies -reflected hierarchical structure of society • maritime powers Britain and Dutch Republic • increase in size • nature of warfare -no longer religious, now ideological -violent and destructive -warfare based on limited objectives -clever elaborate maneuvers rather than direct confrontation -siege warfare

9. Economic Expansion and Social Change: • - Rapid population growth (doubled since first half of century) • Cause: decline in the death rate because of more food and better transportation of food + supplies (=improved diet + less famine) • New crops from America = corn + potatoes • Surplus of food • Cause: end of bubonic plague • COMUNQUE - diseases (typhus, smallpox, influenza, dysentery), poor hygienic conditions and famine could still be devastating.

10. lower class women served as wet nurses • childhood increasingly viewed as a phase in human development. • primogeniture the practice of treating the first son as the favorite. • infanticide unable to care for children  abandoned them to foundling homes. • newly married couples established independent households • increase food production because of : more farmland, increased yields per acre, healthier and more abundant livestock, improved climate. • new agricultural techniques considered best suited to large scale farms

11. chronic shortage of money that undermined the efforts of governments to meet their needs. • new public and private banks and the acceptance of paper notes  expansion of credit in the 18th century. • textile industries most still produced by traditional methods. • textile centers • cottage industry • - Expansion banking and trade • - Agricultural revolution

12. The Social Order of the 18th C • Social classes still very traditional • Division still in “orders” of “estates” • Ideas of Enlightenment starting to reach idea of social • Did not like that a person is immovable in society

13. Peasants • Largest group • Most peasants did not have land, had to work a noble’s land • Serfdom still around places like eastern Germany and Prussia • Small villages were still the center of their lives

14. Nobility • 2-3% of European population • Nobles still were thought to make best officers in the military and best leaders in politics • BUT as Enlightenment hit, people started to find if they could make $ they could be part of the nobility • Had country homes to separate themselves from the lower classes • Grand tour

15. Cities • Artisans had to start taking unskilled jobs • Poverty very visible, huge problem

16. Leaders Louis XV and Louis XVI: contributes to France’s decline, led to French Revolution Frederick William I and Frederick  army and bureaucracy Maria Theresa: no intense reform, more central Catherine the Great reform, repression of peasantry Joseph II of Austria II  alienated nobility and church, tried to abolish serfdom Robert Walpole: a lot of power b/c George's had little understanding of gov. and spoke little English, too peaceful William Pitt the Elder: expansion!