Chapter Four: The Roman Legacy

1. Chapter Four:The Roman Legacy Culture and Values, 6th Ed. Cunningham and Reich

2. Goals To explain the importance of Roman civilization To identify the major contributions of the Etruscans to the development of Roman civilization To outline the most important events in the three major periods of Roman history: Republic, Imperial, and decline Examine major works of art from the three major periods of Roman history

3. The Importance of Rome Cultural achievements Assimilation of influences Role of music Historical division: Monarchy/ Etruscan Age (753-510 B.C.E.) Republican Rome (509-31 B.C.E.) Imperial Rome (31 B.C.E. - C.E. 476) Rome was more concerned about good government and military prowess rather than in artistic and intellectual attainments. They downplayed their own artistic achievements and gathered art from others. Greek contributions were tremendous in the field of language, law, politics, religion and art. 1- Our alphabet is the Roman Alphabet. 2- Division of the year into 12 months introduced by Julius Caesar in 45bc. Other Empires shaped their culture on the Roman model.  Roman saw themselves as the divinely appointed rules of the world. They spread their culture from north of England to south of Africa, from Spain to India.  Greek art and literature were given to the Romans to set the traditions of society. Christianity Religion was set by the Romans.  Romans were modest about their cultural achievement believing their strength lay in good government and military. rather than artistic and intellectual attainment. Roman view was to rule the world and leave luxuries like sculptors and astronomy to others.   Music is a good example as many Romans listened to Greek music. The Romans did develop a long and loud bronze instrument known as the tuba some of which were 4 feet long. Used for military purpose they were not pleasant to the ear mainly intended for weddings, funerals, religion, social occasions, after dinner entertainment. jugglers perform in public squares and during gladiators contest.   Rome was more concerned about good government and military prowess rather than in artistic and intellectual attainments. They downplayed their own artistic achievements and gathered art from others. Greek contributions were tremendous in the field of language, law, politics, religion and art. 1- Our alphabet is the Roman Alphabet. 2- Division of the year into 12 months introduced by Julius Caesar in 45bc. Other Empires shaped their culture on the Roman model.  Roman saw themselves as the divinely appointed rules of the world. They spread their culture from north of England to south of Africa, from Spain to India.  Greek art and literature were given to the Romans to set the traditions of society. Christianity Religion was set by the Romans.  Romans were modest about their cultural achievement believing their strength lay in good government and military. rather than artistic and intellectual attainment. Roman view was to rule the world and leave luxuries like sculptors and astronomy to others.   Music is a good example as many Romans listened to Greek music. The Romans did develop a long and loud bronze instrument known as the tuba some of which were 4 feet long. Used for military purpose they were not pleasant to the ear mainly intended for weddings, funerals, religion, social occasions, after dinner entertainment. jugglers perform in public squares and during gladiators contest.  

4. The Etruscans and Their Art Rome founded in mid-8th c. by Latins Etruscans gained control by 616 B.C.E. Urban centers, engineering Social, leisure activities Trade, expansion Etruscan Art Primitive but sophisticated, natural focus Value emotion over intellectual appeal We don’t know a lot about the origins of the Etruscans and still don’t know their language. What we know of them is a result of what they left behind. Etruscan settlements were frequently built on a hill—the steeper the better—and surrounded by thick walls. They used engineering to drain swamp land and reclaim in for their settlements. They had a lively social life with music and dance as part of life. They developed trade routes and expanded into other regions and influencing other cultures. Their art used gold and although primitive showed a sophistication and focus on nature. Unlike the Greeks they were more interested in visual impact than proportion or getting the human figure anatomically correct. They established themselves in Rome No one knows where they came from or how they got there. They help create urban centers, trade, expansion of areas. Engineers drained marshy areas for building Etruscans Art classified as primitive but sophisticated We don’t know a lot about the origins of the Etruscans and still don’t know their language. What we know of them is a result of what they left behind. Etruscan settlements were frequently built on a hill—the steeper the better—and surrounded by thick walls. They used engineering to drain swamp land and reclaim in for their settlements. They had a lively social life with music and dance as part of life. They developed trade routes and expanded into other regions and influencing other cultures. Their art used gold and although primitive showed a sophistication and focus on nature. Unlike the Greeks they were more interested in visual impact than proportion or getting the human figure anatomically correct. They established themselves in Rome No one knows where they came from or how they got there. They help create urban centers, trade, expansion of areas. Engineers drained marshy areas for building Etruscans Art classified as primitive but sophisticated

5. Republican Rome Etruscan expulsion in 510 B.C.E. New government Consuls, Senate, Patricians/Plebeians Roman government took over as Consuls or Chief Magistrates were elected for one year terms by all male citizens. The Senate was the main governing body and drew most of its members from the aristocratic class. The Patricians, upper class, held most of the power even if the Plebeians, lower class, were given the right to form their own assembly. The meeting place for REPUBLICAN ROMAN Start a new Government {no king} along the lines of Greek city-states. Elected 2 chief magistrates for 1 year term by all male citizens Senate drew most of it's members from Roman Aristocratic families Power in hands of upper class {Patricians} Lower class could form it's own assembly {Plebeians} Leaders elected by plebeians assembly were tribunes. Tribunes represented the Plebeians interested and protected them against state officials who treated them unjustly. these government bodies was the Forum. Roman government took over as Consuls or Chief Magistrates were elected for one year terms by all male citizens. The Senate was the main governing body and drew most of its members from the aristocratic class. The Patricians, upper class, held most of the power even if the Plebeians, lower class, were given the right to form their own assembly. The meeting place for REPUBLICAN ROMAN Start a new Government {no king} along the lines of Greek city-states. Elected 2 chief magistrates for 1 year term by all male citizens Senate drew most of it's members from Roman Aristocratic families Power in hands of upper class {Patricians} Lower class could form it's own assembly {Plebeians} Leaders elected by plebeians assembly were tribunes. Tribunes represented the Plebeians interested and protected them against state officials who treated them unjustly. these government bodies was the Forum.

6. Republican Rome Etruscan expulsion in 510 B.C.E. New government Consuls, Senate, Patricians/Plebeians Political equality / Balance of Power Hortensian Law Increasing power / expansion Social and political unrest ? civil war Hortensian Law - A law passed in Ancient Rome in 287 BCE which made all resolutions passed by plebeians binding on all citizens. The Romans set about expanding targeting Carthage in the Punic Wars and taking over the Hellenistic world. Eventually they expanded from Spain to the Middle East. This expansion was brought about by great military organization but governing these newly acquired lands did not live up to the greatness of the military. Conquered peoples began to rebel and unrest developed with in Rome itself. A middle class called the Equites rose from the fortunes made off war and power struggles ensued. Eventually becoming a dictatorship Rome collapsed from all this conflict. Hortensian Law - A law passed in Ancient Rome in 287 BCE which made all resolutions passed by plebeians binding on all citizens. The Romans set about expanding targeting Carthage in the Punic Wars and taking over the Hellenistic world. Eventually they expanded from Spain to the Middle East. This expansion was brought about by great military organization but governing these newly acquired lands did not live up to the greatness of the military. Conquered peoples began to rebel and unrest developed with in Rome itself. A middle class called the Equites rose from the fortunes made off war and power struggles ensued. Eventually becoming a dictatorship Rome collapsed from all this conflict.

7. Literary Developments During the Republic Ennius (239-169 B.C.E.) Annals Tragedies adapted from Greek models Plautus (254-184 B.C.E.) and Terence (185-159 B.C.E.) Roman adaptations of Greek comedies Catullus (80-54 B.C.E.) Roman lyric poetry Influenced by Sappho The Romans did little in the way of art instead concentrating on military and government. Where they did create they were heavily influenced by the Greeks. Quintus Ennius (c. 239 BC - c. 169 BC) was a writer during the period of the Roman Republic, and is often considered the father of Roman poetry. He was of Calabrian descent[1]. Although only fragments of his works survive, his influence in Latin literature was significant. The Annals was an epic poem in fifteen books, later expanded to eighteen, covering Roman history from the fall of Troy in 1184 BC down to the censorship of Cato the Elder in 184 BC. It was the first Latin poem to adopt the dactylic hexameter metre used in Greek epic and didactic poetry, leading it to become the standard metre for these genres in Latin poetry. The Annals became a school text for Roman schoolchildren, eventually supplanted by Virgil's Aeneid. About 600 lines survive. Quotes from Ennius "The victor is not victorious if the vanquished does not consider himself so" "The idle mind knows not what it wants.“ Titus Maccius Plautus (c. 254–184 BC), commonly known as Plautus, was a Roman playwright of the Old Latin period. His comedies are among the earliest surviving intact works in Latin literature. He wrote Palliata comoedia, the genre devised by the innovator of Latin literature, Livius Andronicus. The word Plautine is used to refer to Plautus's works or works similar to or influenced by his. Publius Terentius Afer (195/185–159 BC), better known in English as Terence, was a playwright of the Roman Republic. His comedies were performed for the first time around 170–160 BC, and he died young, probably in Greece or on his way back to Rome. Terentius Lucanus, a Roman senator, brought Terence to Rome as a slave, educated him and later on, impressed by his abilities, freed him. All of the six plays Terence wrote have survived. Gaius Valerius Catullus (ca. 84 BC – ca. 54 BC) was a Latin poet of the Republican period. His surviving works are still read widely, and continue to influence poetry and other forms of art. Catullus' poems have been preserved in an anthology of 116 carmina (three of which are now considered spurious — 18, 19 and 20 — although the numbering has been retained), which can be divided into three formal parts: sixty short poems in varying meters, called polymetra, eight longer poems, and forty-eight epigrams. The polymetra and the epigrams can be divided into four major thematic groups (ignoring a rather large number of poems eluding such categorization): poems to and about his friends (e.g., an invitation like poem 13). erotic poems: some of them indicate homosexual penchants (50 and 99), but most are about women, especially about one he calls "Lesbia" (in honour of the poetess Sappho of Lesbos, source and inspiration of many of his poems). invectives: often rude and sometimes downright obscene poems targeted at friends-turned-traitors (e.g., poem 30), other lovers of Lesbia, well known poets, politicians (e.g., Julius Caesar) and rhetors, including Cicero. condolences: some poems of Catullus are solemn in nature. 96 comforts a friend in the death of a loved one; several others, most famously 101, lament the death of his brother.   LITERARY DEVELOPMENT DURING THE REPUBLIC. By the 3rd century most Roman Art followed Greek models in form and content. Plays based on Greek originals, Roman temples imitated, Roman sculptors and painting depicts episodes of Greek mythology. ENNIU--Father of Roman poetry annals his major work was an epic chronicle of the history of Rome, tragedies {dramas} he adapted from Greek models.  PLAUTUS Play are Greek comedies. Greek originals are comic satire. Roman versions are pure comedy.  TERENCE Style is more refined and his characters show realism  CATULLUS 1st great Roman Lyric Poet Best loved of all roman authors. Influenced by sappho subject of personal experience. He makes his own life experiences universal PLAY CATALLUS VIDEO 1:44 LATIN POETRY READING 2 The Romans did little in the way of art instead concentrating on military and government. Where they did create they were heavily influenced by the Greeks. Quintus Ennius (c. 239 BC - c. 169 BC) was a writer during the period of the Roman Republic, and is often considered the father of Roman poetry. He was of Calabrian descent[1]. Although only fragments of his works survive, his influence in Latin literature was significant. The Annals was an epic poem in fifteen books, later expanded to eighteen, covering Roman history from the fall of Troy in 1184 BC down to the censorship of Cato the Elder in 184 BC. It was the first Latin poem to adopt the dactylic hexameter metre used in Greek epic and didactic poetry, leading it to become the standard metre for these genres in Latin poetry. The Annals became a school text for Roman schoolchildren, eventually supplanted by Virgil's Aeneid. About 600 lines survive. Quotes from Ennius "The victor is not victorious if the vanquished does not consider himself so" "The idle mind knows not what it wants.“ Titus Maccius Plautus (c. 254–184 BC), commonly known as Plautus, was a Roman playwright of the Old Latin period. His comedies are among the earliest surviving intact works in Latin literature. He wrote Palliata comoedia, the genre devised by the innovator of Latin literature, Livius Andronicus. The word Plautine is used to refer to Plautus's works or works similar to or influenced by his. Publius Terentius Afer (195/185–159 BC), better known in English as Terence, was a playwright of the Roman Republic. His comedies were performed for the first time around 170–160 BC, and he died young, probably in Greece or on his way back to Rome. Terentius Lucanus, a Roman senator, brought Terence to Rome as a slave, educated him and later on, impressed by his abilities, freed him. All of the six plays Terence wrote have survived. Gaius Valerius Catullus (ca. 84 BC – ca. 54 BC) was a Latin poet of the Republican period. His surviving works are still read widely, and continue to influence poetry and other forms of art. Catullus' poems have been preserved in an anthology of 116 carmina (three of which are now considered spurious — 18, 19 and 20 — although the numbering has been retained), which can be divided into three formal parts: sixty short poems in varying meters, called polymetra, eight longer poems, and forty-eight epigrams. The polymetra and the epigrams can be divided into four major thematic groups (ignoring a rather large number of poems eluding such categorization): poems to and about his friends (e.g., an invitation like poem 13). erotic poems: some of them indicate homosexual penchants (50 and 99), but most are about women, especially about one he calls "Lesbia" (in honour of the poetess Sappho of Lesbos, source and inspiration of many of his poems). invectives: often rude and sometimes downright obscene poems targeted at friends-turned-traitors (e.g., poem 30), other lovers of Lesbia, well known poets, politicians (e.g., Julius Caesar) and rhetors, including Cicero. condolences: some poems of Catullus are solemn in nature. 96 comforts a friend in the death of a loved one; several others, most famously 101, lament the death of his brother.   LITERARY DEVELOPMENT DURING THE REPUBLIC. By the 3rd century most Roman Art followed Greek models in form and content. Plays based on Greek originals, Roman temples imitated, Roman sculptors and painting depicts episodes of Greek mythology. ENNIU--Father of Roman poetry annals his major work was an epic chronicle of the history of Rome, tragedies {dramas} he adapted from Greek models.  PLAUTUS Play are Greek comedies. Greek originals are comic satire. Roman versions are pure comedy.  TERENCE Style is more refined and his characters show realism  CATULLUS 1st great Roman Lyric Poet Best loved of all roman authors. Influenced by sappho subject of personal experience. He makes his own life experiences universal PLAY CATALLUS VIDEO 1:44 LATIN POETRY READING 2

8. Literary Developments During the Republic Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.E.) Commentaries Assassinated on March 15, 44 B.C.E. Marcus Tullius Cicero Lawyer, orator Epistolary legacy Caesar was considered during his lifetime to be one of the best orators and authors of prose in Rome—even Cicero spoke highly of Caesar's rhetoric and style. Among his most famous works were his funeral oration for his paternal aunt Julia and his Anticato, a document written to blacken Cato's reputation and respond to Cicero's Cato memorial. Poems by Caesar are also mentioned in ancient sources. His works other than his war commentaries and his speeches have been lost. Commentarii de Bello Gallico (English: Commentaries on the Gallic War) is Julius Caesar's firsthand account of the Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative. In it Caesar describes the battles and intrigues that took place in the nine years he spent fighting local armies in Gaul that opposed Roman domination. Commentarii de Bello Civili (literally Commentaries on the Civil War in Latin) is an account written by Julius Caesar of his war against Gnaeus Pompeius and the Senate. Shorter than its counterpart on the Gallic War, only three books long, and possibly unfinished, it covers the events of 49-48 BC, from shortly before Caesar's invasion of Italy to Pompey's defeat at the Battle of Pharsalus and flight to Egypt with Caesar in pursuit. It closes with Pompey assassinated, Caesar attempting to mediate rival claims to the Egyptian throne, and the beginning of the Alexandrian War. Marcus Tullius Cicero January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC was a Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and Roman constitutionalist. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the equestrian order, and is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. He introduced the Romans to the chief schools of Greek philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary (with neologisms such as humanitas, qualitas, quantitas, and essentia)[3] distinguishing himself as a linguist, translator, and philosopher. An impressive orator and successful lawyer, Cicero thought that his political career was his most important achievement. Today, he is appreciated primarily for his humanism and philosophical and political writings. His voluminous correspondence, much of it addressed to his friend Atticus, has been especially influential, introducing the art of refined letter writing to European culture. Cornelius Nepos, the 1st-century BC biographer of Atticus, remarked that Cicero's letters contained such a wealth of detail "concerning the inclinations of leading men, the faults of the generals, and the revolutions in the government" that their reader had little need for a history of the period.[4] Cicero's speeches and letters remain some of the most important primary sources that survive on the last days of the Roman Republic. During the chaotic latter half of the first century B.C. marked by civil wars and the dictatorship of Gaius Julius Caesar, Cicero championed a return to the traditional republican government. However, his career as a statesman was marked by inconsistencies and a tendency to shift his position in response to changes in the political climate. His indecision may be attributed to his sensitive and impressionable personality; he was prone to overreaction in the face of political and private change. "Would that he had been able to endure prosperity with greater self-control and adversity with more fortitude!" wrote C. Asinius Pollio, a contemporary Roman statesman and historian.[5][6] Cicero became an enemy of Mark Antony, attacking him in a series of speeches. He was proscribed an enemy of the state by the Second Triumvirate and subsequently murdered in 43 BC. Epistolary – Latin for letter.   JULIUS CAESAR Principal figure who came to events and made contributions to republican literature. Most famous roman of all.  He wrote the history of his own military campaigns in his commentaries. Ruled 4 years their assassinated by a band of devoted republicans only prolonged the agony for another 13 yrs. His death gave Shakespeare one of his best well known plays = Julius Caesar. MARCUS CICERO Was a lawyer he served as consul a few years later the severity with which he had put down a plot against the government earned him time in exile. Caesar never forgave him. Struggled hard to maintain balance between his public duty and his convictions. He believed all is one (nature, universe, God) and interconnected humans are citizens of the universe. PLAY CICERO DEATH 5:38Caesar was considered during his lifetime to be one of the best orators and authors of prose in Rome—even Cicero spoke highly of Caesar's rhetoric and style. Among his most famous works were his funeral oration for his paternal aunt Julia and his Anticato, a document written to blacken Cato's reputation and respond to Cicero's Cato memorial. Poems by Caesar are also mentioned in ancient sources. His works other than his war commentaries and his speeches have been lost. Commentarii de Bello Gallico (English: Commentaries on the Gallic War) is Julius Caesar's firsthand account of the Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative. In it Caesar describes the battles and intrigues that took place in the nine years he spent fighting local armies in Gaul that opposed Roman domination. Commentarii de Bello Civili (literally Commentaries on the Civil War in Latin) is an account written by Julius Caesar of his war against Gnaeus Pompeius and the Senate. Shorter than its counterpart on the Gallic War, only three books long, and possibly unfinished, it covers the events of 49-48 BC, from shortly before Caesar's invasion of Italy to Pompey's defeat at the Battle of Pharsalus and flight to Egypt with Caesar in pursuit. It closes with Pompey assassinated, Caesar attempting to mediate rival claims to the Egyptian throne, and the beginning of the Alexandrian War. Marcus Tullius Cicero January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC was a Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and Roman constitutionalist. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the equestrian order, and is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. He introduced the Romans to the chief schools of Greek philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary (with neologisms such as humanitas, qualitas, quantitas, and essentia)[3] distinguishing himself as a linguist, translator, and philosopher. An impressive orator and successful lawyer, Cicero thought that his political career was his most important achievement. Today, he is appreciated primarily for his humanism and philosophical and political writings. His voluminous correspondence, much of it addressed to his friend Atticus, has been especially influential, introducing the art of refined letter writing to European culture. Cornelius Nepos, the 1st-century BC biographer of Atticus, remarked that Cicero's letters contained such a wealth of detail "concerning the inclinations of leading men, the faults of the generals, and the revolutions in the government" that their reader had little need for a history of the period.[4] Cicero's speeches and letters remain some of the most important primary sources that survive on the last days of the Roman Republic. During the chaotic latter half of the first century B.C. marked by civil wars and the dictatorship of Gaius Julius Caesar, Cicero championed a return to the traditional republican government. However, his career as a statesman was marked by inconsistencies and a tendency to shift his position in response to changes in the political climate. His indecision may be attributed to his sensitive and impressionable personality; he was prone to overreaction in the face of political and private change. "Would that he had been able to endure prosperity with greater self-control and adversity with more fortitude!" wrote C. Asinius Pollio, a contemporary Roman statesman and historian.[5][6] Cicero became an enemy of Mark Antony, attacking him in a series of speeches. He was proscribed an enemy of the state by the Second Triumvirate and subsequently murdered in 43 BC. Epistolary – Latin for letter.   JULIUS CAESAR Principal figure who came to events and made contributions to republican literature. Most famous roman of all.  He wrote the history of his own military campaigns in his commentaries. Ruled 4 years their assassinated by a band of devoted republicans only prolonged the agony for another 13 yrs. His death gave Shakespeare one of his best well known plays = Julius Caesar. MARCUS CICERO Was a lawyer he served as consul a few years later the severity with which he had put down a plot against the government earned him time in exile. Caesar never forgave him. Struggled hard to maintain balance between his public duty and his convictions. He believed all is one (nature, universe, God) and interconnected humans are citizens of the universe. PLAY CICERO DEATH 5:38

9. Roman Philosophy and Law Epicureanism Founded by Epicurus (341-271 B.C.E.) Extolled by Lucretius (99-55 B.C.E.) Intellectual and rational vs. self-indulgent On the Nature of Things Gods play no part in human affairs Pleasure and calm composure Epicurus, 341 BCE – Athens, 270 BCE; 72 years) was an ancient Greek philosopher and the founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism. Only a few fragments and letters remain of Epicurus's 300 written works. Much of what is known about Epicurean philosophy derives from later followers and commentators. For Epicurus, the purpose of philosophy was to attain the happy, tranquil life, characterized by ataraxia, peace and freedom from fear, and aponia, the absence of pain, and by living a self-sufficient life surrounded by friends. He taught that pleasure and pain are the measures of what is good and evil, that death is the end of the body and the soul and should therefore not be feared, that the gods do not reward or punish humans, that the universe is infinite and eternal, and that events in the world are ultimately based on the motions and interactions of atoms moving in empty space. Titus Lucretius Carus (ca. 99 BC – ca. 55 BC) was a Roman poet and philosopher. His only known work is the epic philosophical poem on Epicureanism De rerum natura, translated into English as On the Nature of Things or "On the Nature of the Universe". Roman supporter of Epicurus. The "Epicurean paradox" is a version of the problem of evil. It is a trilemma argument (God is omnipotent, God is good, but Evil exists); or more commonly seen as this quote: “Is God willing to prevent evil, but not able? Then he is not omnipotent. Is he able, but not willing? Then he is malevolent. Is he both able and willing? Then whence cometh evil? Is he neither able nor willing? Then why call him God?” Lucretius identifies superstition (religio in the Latin) with the notion that the gods/supernatural powers created our world or interfere with its operations in any way. He argues against fear of such gods by demonstrating through observations and logical argument that the operations of the world can be accounted for entirely in terms of natural phenomena—the regular but purposeless motions and interactions of tiny atoms in empty space—instead of in terms of the will of the gods. He argues against the fear of death by stating that death is the dissipation of a being's material mind. Lucretius uses the analogy of a vessel, stating that the physical body is the vessel that holds both the mind (mens) and spirit (anima) of a human being. Neither the mind nor spirit can survive independent of the body. Thus Lucretius states that once the vessel (the body) shatters (dies) its contents (mind and spirit) can, logically, no longer exist. So, as a simple ceasing-to-be, death can be neither good nor bad for this being. Being completely devoid of sensation and thought, a dead person cannot miss being alive. According to Lucretius, fear of death is a projection of terrors experienced in life, of pain that only a living (intact) mind can feel. Lucretius also puts forward the 'symmetry argument' against the fear of death. In it, he says that people who fear the prospect of eternal non-existence after death should think back to the eternity of non-existence before their birth, which they probably do not fear.   EPICUREANISM Didn't have many followers. This system of thought was so different from their own traditional virtues of simplicity and seriousness. Goal and principles of human action is pleasure although epicureans stress moderation and prudence is the pursuit of pleasure. Romans insist on thinking of this philosophy as typical Greek enthusiasm for self indulgence and debauchery. (wild gathering of excess drinking and promiscuity). God plays no part in human affairs. PLAY FOOD PALERMO AL JAZCERA 11:49Epicurus, 341 BCE – Athens, 270 BCE; 72 years) was an ancient Greek philosopher and the founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism. Only a few fragments and letters remain of Epicurus's 300 written works. Much of what is known about Epicurean philosophy derives from later followers and commentators. For Epicurus, the purpose of philosophy was to attain the happy, tranquil life, characterized by ataraxia, peace and freedom from fear, and aponia, the absence of pain, and by living a self-sufficient life surrounded by friends. He taught that pleasure and pain are the measures of what is good and evil, that death is the end of the body and the soul and should therefore not be feared, that the gods do not reward or punish humans, that the universe is infinite and eternal, and that events in the world are ultimately based on the motions and interactions of atoms moving in empty space. Titus Lucretius Carus (ca. 99 BC – ca. 55 BC) was a Roman poet and philosopher. His only known work is the epic philosophical poem on Epicureanism De rerum natura, translated into English as On the Nature of Things or "On the Nature of the Universe". Roman supporter of Epicurus. The "Epicurean paradox" is a version of the problem of evil. It is a trilemma argument (God is omnipotent, God is good, but Evil exists); or more commonly seen as this quote: “Is God willing to prevent evil, but not able? Then he is not omnipotent. Is he able, but not willing? Then he is malevolent. Is he both able and willing? Then whence cometh evil? Is he neither able nor willing? Then why call him God?” Lucretius identifies superstition (religio in the Latin) with the notion that the gods/supernatural powers created our world or interfere with its operations in any way. He argues against fear of such gods by demonstrating through observations and logical argument that the operations of the world can be accounted for entirely in terms of natural phenomena—the regular but purposeless motions and interactions of tiny atoms in empty space—instead of in terms of the will of the gods. He argues against the fear of death by stating that death is the dissipation of a being's material mind. Lucretius uses the analogy of a vessel, stating that the physical body is the vessel that holds both the mind (mens) and spirit (anima) of a human being. Neither the mind nor spirit can survive independent of the body. Thus Lucretius states that once the vessel (the body) shatters (dies) its contents (mind and spirit) can, logically, no longer exist. So, as a simple ceasing-to-be, death can be neither good nor bad for this being. Being completely devoid of sensation and thought, a dead person cannot miss being alive. According to Lucretius, fear of death is a projection of terrors experienced in life, of pain that only a living (intact) mind can feel. Lucretius also puts forward the 'symmetry argument' against the fear of death. In it, he says that people who fear the prospect of eternal non-existence after death should think back to the eternity of non-existence before their birth, which they probably do not fear.   EPICUREANISM Didn't have many followers. This system of thought was so different from their own traditional virtues of simplicity and seriousness. Goal and principles of human action is pleasure although epicureans stress moderation and prudence is the pursuit of pleasure. Romans insist on thinking of this philosophy as typical Greek enthusiasm for self indulgence and debauchery. (wild gathering of excess drinking and promiscuity). God plays no part in human affairs. PLAY FOOD PALERMO AL JAZCERA 11:49

10. Roman Philosophy and LawStoicism World governed by Reason Role of Divine Providence Roman Stoics Seneca Epictetus Marcus Aurelius Stoicism was a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC. The Stoics considered destructive emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a sage, or person of "moral and intellectual perfection," would not suffer such emotions. STOICISM---Stoics were concerned with the active relationship between cosmic determinism and human freedom, and the belief that it is virtuous to maintain a will (called prohairesis) that is in accord with nature. Because of this, the Stoics presented their philosophy as a way of life, and they thought that the best indication of an individual's philosophy was not what a person said but how he behaved. Later Stoics, such as Seneca and Epictetus, emphasized that because "virtue is sufficient for happiness," a sage was immune to misfortune. This belief is similar to the meaning of the phrase 'stoic calm', though the phrase does not include the "radical ethical" Stoic views that only a sage can be considered truly free, and that all moral corruptions are equally vicious. Stoic doctrine was a popular and durable philosophy, with a following throughout Greece and the Roman Empire, from its founding until the closing of all philosophy schools in 529 AD by order of the Emperor Justinian I, who perceived their pagan character to be at odds with the Christian faith. Lucius Annaeus Seneca was a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist, and in one work humorist, of the Silver Age of Latin literature. He was tutor and later advisor to emperor Nero. He was later forced to commit suicide for complicity in the Pisonian conspiracy to assassinate this last of the Julio-Claudian emperors; however, he may have been innocent Epictetus To Epictetus, all external events are determined by fate, and are thus beyond our control, but we can accept whatever happens calmly and dispassionately. Individuals, however, are responsible for their own actions, which they can examine and control through rigorous self-discipline. Suffering arises from trying to control what is uncontrollable, or from neglecting what is within our power. As part of the universal city that is the universe, human beings have a duty to care for all fellow humans. The person who followed these precepts would achieve happiness. Marcus Aurelius He was the last of the "Five Good Emperors", and is also considered one of the most important Stoic philosophers. Marcus Aurelius' work Meditations, written in Greek while on campaign between 170 and 180, is still revered as a literary monument to a government of service and duty. It serves as an example of how Aurelius approached the Platonic ideal of a philosopher-king and how he symbolized much of what was best about Roman civilization.   Taught the world was governed by reason and that divine providence watch over the virtuous. Never allowing them to suffer evil. The key to becoming virtuous lay in willing or desiring only that which was under one's own control. What counted was that which was subject to the individuals will. SENECA Wrote several essays on morality---Committing suicide is sanctioned by stoicism Seneca Former student Emperor Nero ordered him to take his own life for complicity. Because he intended to have Nero assassinated.  EPICETUS --Born a slave and who established a school of philosophy in Rome and then in Greece. He recommends absolute trust in divine providence to be maintained through every misfortune. He believed external events are determine by fate and thus beyond our control. Also we are responsible for our own actions, which can be controlled through self discipline. EMPEROR MARCUS AURELIUS He was plagued with the dilemma of being a stolic and a emperor at the same time. Struggled hard to maintain balance between his public duty and his convictions. He believed all is one (nature, universe, God) and interconnected humans are citizens of the universe. 1 account of an effort to lead the life of a stoic maybe found in AURELIUS MEDIATIONSStoicism was a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC. The Stoics considered destructive emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a sage, or person of "moral and intellectual perfection," would not suffer such emotions. STOICISM---Stoics were concerned with the active relationship between cosmic determinism and human freedom, and the belief that it is virtuous to maintain a will (called prohairesis) that is in accord with nature. Because of this, the Stoics presented their philosophy as a way of life, and they thought that the best indication of an individual's philosophy was not what a person said but how he behaved. Later Stoics, such as Seneca and Epictetus, emphasized that because "virtue is sufficient for happiness," a sage was immune to misfortune. This belief is similar to the meaning of the phrase 'stoic calm', though the phrase does not include the "radical ethical" Stoic views that only a sage can be considered truly free, and that all moral corruptions are equally vicious. Stoic doctrine was a popular and durable philosophy, with a following throughout Greece and the Roman Empire, from its founding until the closing of all philosophy schools in 529 AD by order of the Emperor Justinian I, who perceived their pagan character to be at odds with the Christian faith. Lucius Annaeus Seneca was a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist, and in one work humorist, of the Silver Age of Latin literature. He was tutor and later advisor to emperor Nero. He was later forced to commit suicide for complicity in the Pisonian conspiracy to assassinate this last of the Julio-Claudian emperors; however, he may have been innocent Epictetus To Epictetus, all external events are determined by fate, and are thus beyond our control, but we can accept whatever happens calmly and dispassionately. Individuals, however, are responsible for their own actions, which they can examine and control through rigorous self-discipline. Suffering arises from trying to control what is uncontrollable, or from neglecting what is within our power. As part of the universal city that is the universe, human beings have a duty to care for all fellow humans. The person who followed these precepts would achieve happiness. Marcus Aurelius He was the last of the "Five Good Emperors", and is also considered one of the most important Stoic philosophers. Marcus Aurelius' work Meditations, written in Greek while on campaign between 170 and 180, is still revered as a literary monument to a government of service and duty. It serves as an example of how Aurelius approached the Platonic ideal of a philosopher-king and how he symbolized much of what was best about Roman civilization.   Taught the world was governed by reason and that divine providence watch over the virtuous. Never allowing them to suffer evil. The key to becoming virtuous lay in willing or desiring only that which was under one's own control. What counted was that which was subject to the individuals will. SENECA Wrote several essays on morality---Committing suicide is sanctioned by stoicism Seneca Former student Emperor Nero ordered him to take his own life for complicity. Because he intended to have Nero assassinated.  EPICETUS --Born a slave and who established a school of philosophy in Rome and then in Greece. He recommends absolute trust in divine providence to be maintained through every misfortune. He believed external events are determine by fate and thus beyond our control. Also we are responsible for our own actions, which can be controlled through self discipline. EMPEROR MARCUS AURELIUS He was plagued with the dilemma of being a stolic and a emperor at the same time. Struggled hard to maintain balance between his public duty and his convictions. He believed all is one (nature, universe, God) and interconnected humans are citizens of the universe. 1 account of an effort to lead the life of a stoic maybe found in AURELIUS MEDIATIONS

11. Roman Philosophy and Law Julius Caesar’s Ius Civile Law of the Twelve Tablets Justinian’s Corpus Iuris Civilis Roman science of law Legal experts Natural justice Ius civile is Latin for "citizen law“ It was the body of common laws that applied to Roman citizens and the individuals who had jurisdiction over cases involving citizens. The Law of the Twelve Tables was the ancient legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law. The Law of the Twelve Tables formed the centerpiece of the constitution of the Roman Republic and the core of the mos maiorum (custom of the ancestors). Eventually became so corrupted it had to be replaced. he Corpus Juris (or Iuris) Civilis ("Body of Civil Law") is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of Justinian I, Eastern Roman Emperor. It is also referred to as the Code of Justinian. Justinian gave orders to collect legal materials of various kinds into several new codes, spurred on by the revival of interest in the study of Roman law in the Middle Ages. This revived Roman law, in turn, became the foundation of law in all civil law jurisdictions. The provisions of the Corpus Juris Civilis also influenced the Canon Law of the church since it was said that ecclesia vivit lege romana — the church lives under Roman law. Romans created years of law precedence. The empire encouraged public service and many saw this as an opportunity to practice law. This body of work has influenced almost every Western government and many of the laws today can be traced back to Roman law. The Romans believed in a Natural justice where according to the Roman Lawyer Ulpian “Law is the art of the good and the fair”. Human law should be objective as Nature is objective. ROMAN PHILOSOPHY AND LAW Iuscircle = single unified code of civil law. This is Julius Caesars most lasting achievement.  Earliest legal code of the republic was called "The 12 Tablets". Most laws had become irrelevant or outdated so they came up with the 12 tablet. Caesar developed with his circle these laws. Published by emperor Justinian. Justinian's corpus Iuris Civilis Still remains in use in many parts of Europe. This influenced the development of modern legal systems. Ius civile is Latin for "citizen law“ It was the body of common laws that applied to Roman citizens and the individuals who had jurisdiction over cases involving citizens. The Law of the Twelve Tables was the ancient legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law. The Law of the Twelve Tables formed the centerpiece of the constitution of the Roman Republic and the core of the mos maiorum (custom of the ancestors). Eventually became so corrupted it had to be replaced. he Corpus Juris (or Iuris) Civilis ("Body of Civil Law") is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of Justinian I, Eastern Roman Emperor. It is also referred to as the Code of Justinian. Justinian gave orders to collect legal materials of various kinds into several new codes, spurred on by the revival of interest in the study of Roman law in the Middle Ages. This revived Roman law, in turn, became the foundation of law in all civil law jurisdictions. The provisions of the Corpus Juris Civilis also influenced the Canon Law of the church since it was said that ecclesia vivit lege romana — the church lives under Roman law. Romans created years of law precedence. The empire encouraged public service and many saw this as an opportunity to practice law. This body of work has influenced almost every Western government and many of the laws today can be traced back to Roman law. The Romans believed in a Natural justice where according to the Roman Lawyer Ulpian “Law is the art of the good and the fair”. Human law should be objective as Nature is objective. ROMAN PHILOSOPHY AND LAW Iuscircle = single unified code of civil law. This is Julius Caesars most lasting achievement.  Earliest legal code of the republic was called "The 12 Tablets". Most laws had become irrelevant or outdated so they came up with the 12 tablet. Caesar developed with his circle these laws. Published by emperor Justinian. Justinian's corpus Iuris Civilis Still remains in use in many parts of Europe. This influenced the development of modern legal systems.

12. Republican Art and Architecture Roman portraiture Realistic details Express outer appearance and inner character Propagandistic Roman portraiture was one of the most important currents in ancient Roman art. Portrait sculpture from the Republican era tends to be somewhat more modest, realistic, and natural compared to early Imperial works. By the imperial age, though they were often realistic depictions of human anatomy, portrait sculpture of Roman emperors were often used for propaganda purposes and included ideological messages in the pose, accoutrements, or costume of the figure. Since most emperors from Augustus on were deified, some images are somewhat idealized. The Romans also depicted warriors and heroic adventures, in the spirit of the Greeks who came before them. They started to capture their subjects with portraits busts { statues of heads} that were realistic and psychologically revealing Roman portraiture was one of the most important currents in ancient Roman art. Portrait sculpture from the Republican era tends to be somewhat more modest, realistic, and natural compared to early Imperial works. By the imperial age, though they were often realistic depictions of human anatomy, portrait sculpture of Roman emperors were often used for propaganda purposes and included ideological messages in the pose, accoutrements, or costume of the figure. Since most emperors from Augustus on were deified, some images are somewhat idealized. The Romans also depicted warriors and heroic adventures, in the spirit of the Greeks who came before them. They started to capture their subjects with portraits busts { statues of heads} that were realistic and psychologically revealing

13. Republican Art and Architecture Roman portraiture Realistic details Express outer appearance and inner character Propagandistic Architecture as political medium Public buildings for glory of leaders Political propaganda demanded that these buildings should be made to impress as well as perform a public function. The Romans didn't feel restricted by Greek aesthetic axioms alone in order to achieve these objectives. The Pantheon is a supreme example of this Political propaganda demanded that these buildings should be made to impress as well as perform a public function. The Romans didn't feel restricted by Greek aesthetic axioms alone in order to achieve these objectives. The Pantheon is a supreme example of this

14. Imperial Rome (31 B.C.E. - C.E. 476) Julius Caesar assassinated 44 B.C.E. Battle of Actium (31 B.C.E.) Octavian vs. Mark Antony Octavian inaugurated as Augustus (27 B.C.E.) Vast, multiethnic empire Emperor, bureaucracy, civil service Roman army Who killed Caesar? What is the famous quote? Et tu Brute Who won the Battle of Actium? Octavian Who allied with Mark Antony? Cleopatra Octavian takes control over a large empire with many different peoples. He created a new government replacing the republic with the Emperor and his bureaucrats ruling all. These bureaucrats worked within a civil service made up of the middle class Roman citizens. The army was reformed as well. It was sent to guard the frontier and came under direct command of the emperor. Their role expanded as they served as engineers, building roads and bridges, they sowed crops and harvested them, did surveys of the land and helped police the land. This created a better relationship with the outer providences and reduced the uprisings. The Roman road system also had an economic effect. Trade expanded and things looked peaceful. IMPERIAL ROME When Julius Caesar was assassinated Marcus Anthony led the campaign to avenge his death and punish the conspirators. He joined by Octavian {Caesar nephew and heir to the throne} They did not get along. When they defeated the conspirators Octavian stay in the west , Marc Anthony went East. Marc Anthony relationship with Cleopatra alienated most of his support in Rome. BATTLE OF ACTIUM was a battle between Octavian and Marc Anthony with Cleopatra forces. Octavian won and Marc Anthony and Cleopatra committed suicide. Octavian sole ruler of the Roman world. Cleopatra married her older brother Ptolemy XIII when he was 11 years old. When he died she ruled the entire country. But then she married her younger brother Ptolemy XIV but he died of disease. She married Julius Caesar for a short time before he died than married Marc Anthony. Marc was told she had died and he was so distraught he fell on his sword and died. Cleopatra then committed suicide when she was stung by a asp she took into her tomb with her. they were buried together.   Who killed Caesar? What is the famous quote? Et tu Brute Who won the Battle of Actium? Octavian Who allied with Mark Antony? Cleopatra Octavian takes control over a large empire with many different peoples. He created a new government replacing the republic with the Emperor and his bureaucrats ruling all. These bureaucrats worked within a civil service made up of the middle class Roman citizens. The army was reformed as well. It was sent to guard the frontier and came under direct command of the emperor. Their role expanded as they served as engineers, building roads and bridges, they sowed crops and harvested them, did surveys of the land and helped police the land. This created a better relationship with the outer providences and reduced the uprisings. The Roman road system also had an economic effect. Trade expanded and things looked peaceful. IMPERIAL ROME When Julius Caesar was assassinated Marcus Anthony led the campaign to avenge his death and punish the conspirators. He joined by Octavian {Caesar nephew and heir to the throne} They did not get along. When they defeated the conspirators Octavian stay in the west , Marc Anthony went East. Marc Anthony relationship with Cleopatra alienated most of his support in Rome. BATTLE OF ACTIUM was a battle between Octavian and Marc Anthony with Cleopatra forces. Octavian won and Marc Anthony and Cleopatra committed suicide. Octavian sole ruler of the Roman world. Cleopatra married her older brother Ptolemy XIII when he was 11 years old. When he died she ruled the entire country. But then she married her younger brother Ptolemy XIV but he died of disease. She married Julius Caesar for a short time before he died than married Marc Anthony. Marc was told she had died and he was so distraught he fell on his sword and died. Cleopatra then committed suicide when she was stung by a asp she took into her tomb with her. they were buried together.  

15. Augustan Literature: Vergil Roman art promoted Augustan worldview Official, public, served state purposes Vergil’s Aeneid Tribute to Rome and Augustus National epic of Rome Human destiny and personal responsibility Eclogues (Bucolics) and Georgics The peace made for an expansion of art but most of it served some sort of purpose to further the Roman state. Publius Vergilius Maro (also known by the Anglicised forms of his name as Virgil or Vergil) (October 15, 70 BCE – September 21, 19 BCE) was a classical Roman poet, best known for three major works—the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the Aeneid—although several minor poems are also attributed to him. The Aeneid is a Latin epic poem written by Virgil in the late 1st century BC (29–19 BC) that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who traveled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans. It is composed of roughly 10,000 lines in dactylic hexameter. The first six of the poem's twelve books tell the story of Aeneas' wanderings from Troy to Italy, and the poem's second half tells of the Trojans' ultimately victorious war upon the Latins, under whose name Aeneas and his Trojan followers are destined to be subsumed. The hero Aeneas was already known to Greco-Roman legend and myth, having been a character in the Iliad; Virgil took the disconnected tales of Aeneas' wanderings, his vague association with the foundation of Rome and a personage of no fixed characteristics other than a scrupulous piety, and fashioned this into a compelling founding myth or nationalist epic that at once tied Rome to the legends of Troy, glorified traditional Roman virtues and legitimized the Julio-Claudian dynasty as descendants of the founders, heroes and gods of Rome and Troy. Eclogues (Bucolics) deals with herdsman or shepherds as Vergil was the son of a shepherd. The Georgics is a poem in four books, likely published in 29 BC. It is the second major work by the Latin poet Virgil, following his Eclogues and preceding the Aeneid. It is a poem that draws on many prior sources and influenced many later authors from antiquity to the present. Scholars have often been at odds over how to read the work as a whole, and puzzled over such phrases as labor omnia vincit / improbus (1.145-146), which is not simply the platitude, "work conquers all," but "shameful work conquers all." As its name suggests (Georgica, from the Greek word georgein, 'to farm') the subject of the poem is agriculture; but far from being an example of peaceful rural poetry, it is a work characterized by tensions in both theme and purpose. AUGUSTAN LITERATURE VERGIL Most of the art at that time was public, commissioned by the state and served states purpose.  VERGIL greatest of all Roman poets. Spent the last years 10 years of his life to the composition of an epic poem intended to honor Rome and Augustus. AENEID tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who traveled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans. It is composed of roughly 10,000 lines in dactylic hexameter. The first six of the poem's twelve books tell the story of Aeneas' wanderings from Troy to Italy, and the poem's second half tells of the Trojans' ultimately victorious war upon the Latin’s, under whose name Aeneas and his Trojan followers are destined to be subsumed. VERGIL earliest works Eclogues are 10 short pastoral poems. That deal with joy and sorrow of the country and the Sheppard’s and herdsman who live there. Georgics are 4 books are practical books of farming. Aeneid= Honored Rome, honored Augustus and became a Roman National epic novel that was worthy of Homer. PLAY HISTORY OF THE WORLD PART 1 9:39 ANIMAL HOUSE 45 SEC The peace made for an expansion of art but most of it served some sort of purpose to further the Roman state. Publius Vergilius Maro (also known by the Anglicised forms of his name as Virgil or Vergil) (October 15, 70 BCE – September 21, 19 BCE) was a classical Roman poet, best known for three major works—the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the Aeneid—although several minor poems are also attributed to him. The Aeneid is a Latin epic poem written by Virgil in the late 1st century BC (29–19 BC) that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who traveled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans. It is composed of roughly 10,000 lines in dactylic hexameter. The first six of the poem's twelve books tell the story of Aeneas' wanderings from Troy to Italy, and the poem's second half tells of the Trojans' ultimately victorious war upon the Latins, under whose name Aeneas and his Trojan followers are destined to be subsumed. The hero Aeneas was already known to Greco-Roman legend and myth, having been a character in the Iliad; Virgil took the disconnected tales of Aeneas' wanderings, his vague association with the foundation of Rome and a personage of no fixed characteristics other than a scrupulous piety, and fashioned this into a compelling founding myth or nationalist epic that at once tied Rome to the legends of Troy, glorified traditional Roman virtues and legitimized the Julio-Claudian dynasty as descendants of the founders, heroes and gods of Rome and Troy. Eclogues (Bucolics) deals with herdsman or shepherds as Vergil was the son of a shepherd. The Georgics is a poem in four books, likely published in 29 BC. It is the second major work by the Latin poet Virgil, following his Eclogues and preceding the Aeneid. It is a poem that draws on many prior sources and influenced many later authors from antiquity to the present. Scholars have often been at odds over how to read the work as a whole, and puzzled over such phrases as labor omnia vincit / improbus (1.145-146), which is not simply the platitude, "work conquers all," but "shameful work conquers all." As its name suggests (Georgica, from the Greek word georgein, 'to farm') the subject of the poem is agriculture; but far from being an example of peaceful rural poetry, it is a work characterized by tensions in both theme and purpose. AUGUSTAN LITERATURE VERGIL Most of the art at that time was public, commissioned by the state and served states purpose.  VERGIL greatest of all Roman poets. Spent the last years 10 years of his life to the composition of an epic poem intended to honor Rome and Augustus. AENEID tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who traveled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans. It is composed of roughly 10,000 lines in dactylic hexameter. The first six of the poem's twelve books tell the story of Aeneas' wanderings from Troy to Italy, and the poem's second half tells of the Trojans' ultimately victorious war upon the Latin’s, under whose name Aeneas and his Trojan followers are destined to be subsumed. VERGIL earliest works Eclogues are 10 short pastoral poems. That deal with joy and sorrow of the country and the Sheppard’s and herdsman who live there. Georgics are 4 books are practical books of farming. Aeneid= Honored Rome, honored Augustus and became a Roman National epic novel that was worthy of Homer. PLAY HISTORY OF THE WORLD PART 1 9:39 ANIMAL HOUSE 45 SEC

16. Augustan Sculpture Ara Pacis Characteristics of Vergil’s poetry Political and social message Dedicated to the spirit of Peace Celebrates the abundance of nature The Ara Pacis Augustae is an altar to Peace, envisioned as a Roman goddess. The altar was meant to be a vision of the Roman civil religion. It sought to portray the peace and fertile prosperity enjoyed as a result of the Pax Augusta (Latin, "Augustan peace") brought about by the military supremacy of the Roman empire, and act as a visual reminder of the Julio-Claudian dynasty that was bringing it about. Ara Pacis means altar of peace Aeneas performs a sacrifice on his arrival in Italy before a small shrine that contains 2 sacred images brought from Troy. Depicts the abundance of nature that could flourish again in the peace of Augustan Age. Augustus wanted future generations to view his reign. Altar: on south side leads the way accompanied by priest and followed by members of his family. north side shows senators and other dignitaries. lower part of wall is decorated with rich band of fruit and floral motifs intertwined and swans are placed there. Entrance shows 2 relief’s = right show Aeneas left show Romulus and Remus  Romulus and Remus are Rome's twin founders in its traditional foundation myth. They are descendants of the Trojan prince and refugee Aeneas, and are fathered by the god Mars or the demi-god Hercules on a royal Vestal Virgin, Rhea Silvia (also known as Ilia), whose uncle exposes them to die in the wild. They are found by a she-wolf who suckles and cares for them. The twins are eventually restored to their regal birthright, acquire many followers and decide to found a new city.   The Ara Pacis Augustae is an altar to Peace, envisioned as a Roman goddess. The altar was meant to be a vision of the Roman civil religion. It sought to portray the peace and fertile prosperity enjoyed as a result of the Pax Augusta (Latin, "Augustan peace") brought about by the military supremacy of the Roman empire, and act as a visual reminder of the Julio-Claudian dynasty that was bringing it about. Ara Pacis means altar of peace Aeneas performs a sacrifice on his arrival in Italy before a small shrine that contains 2 sacred images brought from Troy. Depicts the abundance of nature that could flourish again in the peace of Augustan Age. Augustus wanted future generations to view his reign. Altar: on south side leads the way accompanied by priest and followed by members of his family. north side shows senators and other dignitaries. lower part of wall is decorated with rich band of fruit and floral motifs intertwined and swans are placed there. Entrance shows 2 relief’s = right show Aeneas left show Romulus and Remus  Romulus and Remus are Rome's twin founders in its traditional foundation myth. They are descendants of the Trojan prince and refugee Aeneas, and are fathered by the god Mars or the demi-god Hercules on a royal Vestal Virgin, Rhea Silvia (also known as Ilia), whose uncle exposes them to die in the wild. They are found by a she-wolf who suckles and cares for them. The twins are eventually restored to their regal birthright, acquire many followers and decide to found a new city.  

17. Augustan Sculpture Ara Pacis Characteristics of Vergil’s poetry Political and social message Dedicated to the spirit of Peace Celebrates the abundance of nature Augustus of Prima Porta Victory over Parthians National pride Augustus of Prima Porta is a 2.04m high marble statue of Augustus Caesar Augustus is shown in this role of "Imperator", the commander of the army, as thoracatus —or commander-in-chief of the Roman army (literally, thorax-wearer) — meaning the statue should form part of a commemorative monument to his latest victories; he is in military clothing, carrying a consular baton and raising his right hand in a rhetorical "adlocutio" pose, addressing the troops. The bas-reliefs on his armored "cuirass" have a complex allegorical and political agenda, alluding to diverse Roman deities, including Mars, god of war, as well as the personifications of the latest territories conquered by him: Hispania, Gaul, Germania, Parthia Augustus of Prima Porta is a 2.04m high marble statue of Augustus Caesar Augustus is shown in this role of "Imperator", the commander of the army, as thoracatus —or commander-in-chief of the Roman army (literally, thorax-wearer) — meaning the statue should form part of a commemorative monument to his latest victories; he is in military clothing, carrying a consular baton and raising his right hand in a rhetorical "adlocutio" pose, addressing the troops. The bas-reliefs on his armored "cuirass" have a complex allegorical and political agenda, alluding to diverse Roman deities, including Mars, god of war, as well as the personifications of the latest territories conquered by him: Hispania, Gaul, Germania, Parthia

18. Evidence of Pompeii Vesuvius: August 24, C.E. 79 Pliny the Younger Preservation of ordinary Pompeian life Buildings Domestic ornaments Food Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples in the Italian region of Campania, in the territory of the comune of Pompei. Along with Herculaneum, its sister city, Pompeii was destroyed and completely buried during a long catastrophic eruption of the volcano Mount Vesuvius spanning two days in 79 AD. The eruption buried Pompeii under 4 to 6 meters of ash and pumice, and it was lost for nearly 1,600 years before its accidental rediscovery around 1592. Since then, its excavation has provided an extraordinarily detailed insight into the life of a city at the height of the Roman Empire. Today, this UNESCO World Heritage Site is one of the most popular tourist attractions of Italy, with approximately 2,500,000 visitors every year. Pliny the Younger, was a lawyer, author, and magistrate of Ancient Rome. Pliny's uncle, Pliny the Elder, helped raise and educate him and they were both witnesses to the eruption of Vesuvius on 24 August 79 AD. This tragedy helps up understand daily life in Pompeii. EVIDENCE OF POMPEII Aug 24 76 the volcano Vesuivus erupted and a few towns were buried. The closest under lava and farther away with ash and pumice. Pompeii was the most famous city and 10 miles away from volcano when they started excavations 200 years ago, Volcanic debris preserved the temples, baths, and food on that fatal day.  Pliny the younger wrote 2 letters describing the events of the next hours. His uncle, pliny the elder who was interested in natural phenomena went to Mt.Vesuvius and was suffocated to death by the fumes. Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples in the Italian region of Campania, in the territory of the comune of Pompei. Along with Herculaneum, its sister city, Pompeii was destroyed and completely buried during a long catastrophic eruption of the volcano Mount Vesuvius spanning two days in 79 AD. The eruption buried Pompeii under 4 to 6 meters of ash and pumice, and it was lost for nearly 1,600 years before its accidental rediscovery around 1592. Since then, its excavation has provided an extraordinarily detailed insight into the life of a city at the height of the Roman Empire. Today, this UNESCO World Heritage Site is one of the most popular tourist attractions of Italy, with approximately 2,500,000 visitors every year. Pliny the Younger, was a lawyer, author, and magistrate of Ancient Rome. Pliny's uncle, Pliny the Elder, helped raise and educate him and they were both witnesses to the eruption of Vesuvius on 24 August 79 AD. This tragedy helps up understand daily life in Pompeii. EVIDENCE OF POMPEII Aug 24 76 the volcano Vesuivus erupted and a few towns were buried. The closest under lava and farther away with ash and pumice. Pompeii was the most famous city and 10 miles away from volcano when they started excavations 200 years ago, Volcanic debris preserved the temples, baths, and food on that fatal day.  Pliny the younger wrote 2 letters describing the events of the next hours. His uncle, pliny the elder who was interested in natural phenomena went to Mt.Vesuvius and was suffocated to death by the fumes.

19. Roman Imperial Architecture Triumphal arches, internal arches, vaults Barrel Vault Dome (hemispherical vault) Hadrian’s Pantheon and imperial fora Dome, oculus A triumphal arch is a structure in the shape of a monumental archway, in theory built to celebrate a victory in war, but often used to celebrate a ruler. A Roman classical triumphal arch was a free-standing structure, quite separate from city gates or walls, but the form is often used in engaged arches as well. In its simplest form a triumphal arch consists of two massive piers connected by an arch, crowned with a flat superstructure or attic on which a statue might be mounted or which bears commemorative inscriptions. The structure should be decorated with carvings, notably including "Victories", winged female figures (very similar to angels), a pair of which typically occupy the curved triangles beside the top of the arch curve. More elaborate triumphal arches have flanking subsidiary archways, typically a pair. A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance. The curves are typically circular in shape, lending a semi-cylindrical appearance to the total design. The barrel vault is the simplest form of a vault: effectively a series of arches placed side by side, i.e., one after another. It is a form of barrel roof. ROMAN IMPERIAL ARCHITECTURE Roman architecture has a lasting impression on later styles Triumphal Arches from the Etruscans was widely imitated. There is one in Paris and in Washington square in New York. Arches commemorate military victories.  INTERNAL ARCHES and vaults provide roofs for structure of increasing size and complexity. Roman architects experimented with barrel vaults and domes. Most of the building they were on have been destroyed but the ParthenonA triumphal arch is a structure in the shape of a monumental archway, in theory built to celebrate a victory in war, but often used to celebrate a ruler. A Roman classical triumphal arch was a free-standing structure, quite separate from city gates or walls, but the form is often used in engaged arches as well. In its simplest form a triumphal arch consists of two massive piers connected by an arch, crowned with a flat superstructure or attic on which a statue might be mounted or which bears commemorative inscriptions. The structure should be decorated with carvings, notably including "Victories", winged female figures (very similar to angels), a pair of which typically occupy the curved triangles beside the top of the arch curve. More elaborate triumphal arches have flanking subsidiary archways, typically a pair. A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance. The curves are typically circular in shape, lending a semi-cylindrical appearance to the total design. The barrel vault is the simplest form of a vault: effectively a series of arches placed side by side, i.e., one after another. It is a form of barrel roof. ROMAN IMPERIAL ARCHITECTURE Roman architecture has a lasting impression on later styles Triumphal Arches from the Etruscans was widely imitated. There is one in Paris and in Washington square in New York. Arches commemorate military victories.  INTERNAL ARCHES and vaults provide roofs for structure of increasing size and complexity. Roman architects experimented with barrel vaults and domes. Most of the building they were on have been destroyed but the Parthenon

20. Roman Imperial Architecture Triumphal arches, internal arches, vaults Barrel Vault Dome (hemispherical vault) Hadrian’s Pantheon and imperial fora Dome, oculus Engineering Achievements Aqueducts (Pont du Gard) Covered sewers An aqueduct is a water supply or navigable channel (conduit) constructed to convey water. In modern engineering, the term is used for any system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and other structures used for this purpose. There were the Romans biggest achievement. Aqua ducts constructed during the Roman times supplied their fountains, baths, private villas of the wealthy They developed a system to cover drains eliminating open sewers. This was unusual at that time. PONT DU GARD was a famous aqua duct which can still be seen from Southern France today. It was designed during the reign of Augustus. It carried 100 gallons of water a day for each person in city. It was made from uncemented stone. Each block weighed 2 tons and It was 25 miles long.  An aqueduct is a water supply or navigable channel (conduit) constructed to convey water. In modern engineering, the term is used for any system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and other structures used for this purpose. There were the Romans biggest achievement. Aqua ducts constructed during the Roman times supplied their fountains, baths, private villas of the wealthy They developed a system to cover drains eliminating open sewers. This was unusual at that time. PONT DU GARD was a famous aqua duct which can still be seen from Southern France today. It was designed during the reign of Augustus. It carried 100 gallons of water a day for each person in city. It was made from uncemented stone. Each block weighed 2 tons and It was 25 miles long.  

21. Rome as the Object of Satire Overcrowding Humble private residences Juvenal (C.E. 60-130) Satirical poet (sixteen Satires) Biting sarcasm Misogyny Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis, known in English as Juvenal, was a Roman poet active in the late 1st and early 2nd century AD, author of the Satires. In accord with the vitriolic manner of Lucilius – the originator of the genre of Roman satire – and within a poetic tradition that also included Horace and Persius, Juvenal wrote at least 16 poems in dactylic hexameter covering an encyclopedic range of topics across the Roman world. While the Satires are a vital source for the study of ancient Rome from a vast number of perspectives, their hyperbolic, comedic mode of expression makes the use of statements found within them as simple fact problematic, to say the least. At first glance the Satires could be read as a brutal critique of (Pagan) Rome, perhaps ensuring their survival in Christian monastic scriptoria, a bottleneck in preservation when the large majority of ancient texts were lost. What is Misogyny? Hatred of women or girls. ROME AS A OBJECT OF SATIRE.  life in large metro areas can be tough. The overcrowding in the city were a constant complaint with residence. Most people lived in humble residences. Roman satirist was one of those people who lived in poverty until he wrote sixteen satires. His loathing for the circumstances at the time developed his satires.   Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis, known in English as Juvenal, was a Roman poet active in the late 1st and early 2nd century AD, author of the Satires. In accord with the vitriolic manner of Lucilius – the originator of the genre of Roman satire – and within a poetic tradition that also included Horace and Persius, Juvenal wrote at least 16 poems in dactylic hexameter covering an encyclopedic range of topics across the Roman world. While the Satires are a vital source for the study of ancient Rome from a vast number of perspectives, their hyperbolic, comedic mode of expression makes the use of statements found within them as simple fact problematic, to say the least. At first glance the Satires could be read as a brutal critique of (Pagan) Rome, perhaps ensuring their survival in Christian monastic scriptoria, a bottleneck in preservation when the large majority of ancient texts were lost. What is Misogyny? Hatred of women or girls. ROME AS A OBJECT OF SATIRE.  life in large metro areas can be tough. The overcrowding in the city were a constant complaint with residence. Most people lived in humble residences. Roman satirist was one of those people who lived in poverty until he wrote sixteen satires. His loathing for the circumstances at the time developed his satires.  

22. The End of the Roman Empire Gradual decline and political disunity Insufficient army / use of mercenary troops Increased taxes, decreased value of money Impossibility of trade Emperor Diocletian (284-305) Emperor Constantine (306-337) Deposition of Romulus Augustulus (476) END OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE Rome did not fall overnight 1 reason the growing power and changing character of the army.-- The larger it became the more necessary it was to recruit troops from the more distant providences. Many soldiers felt no loyalty to the Empire and no reason to defend Roman interest. Rome had to buy their support with money and gifts of land. Because of this taxes increased and value of money depreciated.   2 Emperors prevented total collapse Diocletian and Constantine. They were master organizers who realized that the only way to save the Empire was to impose the most stringent controls on every aspect of life. { Social, Administrative, and Economic} Through this the Emperor became the focal point again. But to protect himself he never appeared in publicEND OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE Rome did not fall overnight 1 reason the growing power and changing character of the army.-- The larger it became the more necessary it was to recruit troops from the more distant providences. Many soldiers felt no loyalty to the Empire and no reason to defend Roman interest. Rome had to buy their support with money and gifts of land. Because of this taxes increased and value of money depreciated.   2 Emperors prevented total collapse Diocletian and Constantine. They were master organizers who realized that the only way to save the Empire was to impose the most stringent controls on every aspect of life. { Social, Administrative, and Economic} Through this the Emperor became the focal point again. But to protect himself he never appeared in public

23. Late Roman Art and Architecture Last great Roman imperial buildings Basilica of Constantine Palace of Diocletian Abandonment of Classical ideals Lack of perspective and precision Enthusiasm for Eastern religious cults Role of Christianity The Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine (sometimes known as the Basilica Nova 'new basilica' or Basilica Maxentius) was the largest building in the Roman Forum. The Basilica Maxentius is a marvel of Roman engineering work. At the time of construction, it was the largest structure to be built and thus is a unique building taking both aspects from Roman baths as well as typical Roman basilicas. Diocletian's Palace (Croatian: Dioklecijanova palaca) is a building in Split, Croatia that was built by the Roman emperor Diocletian at the turn of the fourth century AD. Diocletian built the massive palace in preparation for his retirement on 1 May 305 AD. Basilica of Constantine the lst great imperial building in Rome. Only the northern side is still standing, the central nava and south side collapsed during antiquity. The brickwork visible today was originally hidden behind marble panels, both inside and out. Central part was 100 feet high and had a statue of the Emperor. Palace of Diocletian Note the octagon dome of the Emperors mausoleum toward the center right. Much of the palace is still standing and forms the heart of the modern city of Spalato. Palace was constructed on a plan of a military camp. With enormous central; avenues dividing it into four quarters. This abandoned the Classical form and ideals of that day. This went along with the interest of Stoicism and Epicureanism and a new enthusiasm for Eastern Religious cults. The memory of Rome's greatness lived on through the succeeding ages of turmoil and achievement and the Classical spirit survived in the Renaissance.The Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine (sometimes known as the Basilica Nova 'new basilica' or Basilica Maxentius) was the largest building in the Roman Forum. The Basilica Maxentius is a marvel of Roman engineering work. At the time of construction, it was the largest structure to be built and thus is a unique building taking both aspects from Roman baths as well as typical Roman basilicas. Diocletian's Palace (Croatian: Dioklecijanova palaca) is a building in Split, Croatia that was built by the Roman emperor Diocletian at the turn of the fourth century AD. Diocletian built the massive palace in preparation for his retirement on 1 May 305 AD. Basilica of Constantine the lst great imperial building in Rome. Only the northern side is still standing, the central nava and south side collapsed during antiquity. The brickwork visible today was originally hidden behind marble panels, both inside and out. Central part was 100 feet high and had a statue of the Emperor. Palace of Diocletian Note the octagon dome of the Emperors mausoleum toward the center right. Much of the palace is still standing and forms the heart of the modern city of Spalato. Palace was constructed on a plan of a military camp. With enormous central; avenues dividing it into four quarters. This abandoned the Classical form and ideals of that day. This went along with the interest of Stoicism and Epicureanism and a new enthusiasm for Eastern Religious cults. The memory of Rome's greatness lived on through the succeeding ages of turmoil and achievement and the Classical spirit survived in the Renaissance.

24. Chapter Four: Discussion Questions In what ways did the vast acquisition of land affect the Roman Republic? Consider the social, political, and economic implications. Discuss the absence of original literature and visual art in Republican Rome. What elements prevented the creation of new artistic expression? What were the priorities of the Republican culture? How did Imperial Rome allow for socio-economic mobility and create a “middle-class”? What was the effect of this on the Imperial government? Explain. Explain the propagandistic value of Vergil’s Aeneid. In what ways does it support both the reign of Augustus and the superiority of the Roman Empire?