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Energy Localization

Energy Localization. The key to Understanding Energy in Nanotechnology & Nature. Nature assembles ordered structures out of chaos without a temperature gradient or energy input. Systems generally go from ordered to chaotic. How does nature go from the chaotic to ordered?.

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Energy Localization

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  1. Energy Localization The key to Understanding Energy in Nanotechnology & Nature

  2. Nature assembles ordered structures out of chaos without a temperature gradient or energy input. Systems generally go from ordered to chaotic. How does nature go from the chaotic to ordered?

  3. Atoms in most solids vibrate at high frequency and low amplitude Atoms’ nuclei generally reside in parabolic potential wells. The nuclei undergo simple harmonic motion as if they were connected by springs.

  4. Some Materials have non-parabolic potential wellsThey produce nonlinear vibrational modes Large Amplitude, Low Frequency Vibrational modes

  5. Levitating magnet superconductors have very large amplitude vibrational modes

  6. Enrico Fermi, 1954 Los Alamos MAINIAC I M1 M2 Mn Ideal Springs obey Hooke’s Law F= -k1X Equipartition of Energy Every mass has the same vibrational energy

  7. Non ideal Springs Vibrationally cold • F = -k1X + k2X2 • Energy is not equally Shared • Energy is Localized

  8. Fermi & Ulam found that Energy is Localized when there is: • A countable number of elements • Nonlinear coupling between the elements

  9. Energy Localized vibrational modes are so large that they can break and reform bonds. Locally, the vibrations act like very hot regions with active chemistry.

  10. Nanoparticles in the 3 - 12 nm size regime have both properties:1. Acountable number of atomsA large fraction of the atoms are near the surface and reside in shallow, non-parabolic potential wells 2. Nonlinear Coupling

  11. Energy localization at the nanoscale circumvents the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics Ordered structures can be assembled from Chaos Nature evolved to take advantage of these energy exchange mechanisms available only at this size scale.

  12. Light EmittersSolar CellsEnzyme operational control Nanomagnetism Energy Localization Controls the Efficiency Critical features for any nanodevice should be processed in the 3 - 12nm size regime.

  13. Yashiaki Arata 2006 Japan’s most decorated scientist Order of Cultural Merit Deuterium gas added to 5-10nm palladium powders spontaneously produces heat via nuclear reactions. George Miley No energy input is required. Limitless clean energy is now a realistic possibility.

  14. Takahashi reported no excess heat with 20-100nm powder Energy Localization was explained PdD - PdH is a superconductor H /D in palladium is anharmonic Hydrogen in nano Pd is chaotic Kitamura and Takahashi succeed at 5-10nm

  15. Rossi and Piantelli • Both describe nanoscale nickel particles with hydrogen to produce heat • Piantelli says the nickel must be free of any NiO coating and the feature size must be below 70nm • Rossi & Piantelli report self sustained operation • George Miley reported similar action last week

  16. Nano-magnetism • Ferromagnetism is a cooperative phenomenon • Ferrites processed at 3 – 12nm have cooperative oscillations • Magnetic vortices arise at that dimension • Vortex interactions extract energy via energy localization • Ferrites run cold as a result • Energy source is undetermined

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