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SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS. DEFINITION : are infections that are transmitted by direct contact with the genital organs. Until the 1980’s syphilis and gonorrhoea were the best known and most serious of the STI’s. Gonorrhoea been around since ancient times

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SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

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  1. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

  2. DEFINITION: are infections that are transmitted by direct contact with the genital organs.

  3. Until the 1980’s syphilis and gonorrhoea were the best known and most serious of the STI’s. • Gonorrhoea been around since ancient times • Syphilis since about 1493 – from America’s via Captain Columbus. • HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS: “HIV” is now considered the most dangerous STI

  4. The number of STI’s in developed countries were declining as people became more educated about safe-sex practices BUT • There has been a gradual increase of STI’s in recent years. • - In USA STI’s are the most prevalent communicable diseases after the common cold. • No vaccine available. • Cannot buildup resistance or immunity to STI’s.

  5. GONNORRHOEA

  6. GONORRHOEA • “The clap” • Mainly affects the mucus membranes of the excretory and reproductive systems, the rectum and occasionally the eyes. • Caused by the bacterium: “Neisseria gonorrhoea” • Transmitted: during sexual intercourse • Discharge of pus is the source of transmission

  7. GONORRHOEA • Affects: both males and females • Symptoms: 2 – 10 days after infection Females might not have symptoms • Males: bacterium enters the urethra Burning sensation in penis Extreme pain on urination • Lack of treatment can lead to: spread of infection to other organs Cause sterility Arthritis Heart problems

  8. Females: bacterium enters the vagina and spreads to urethra and cervix Usually no pain Pus discharge usually thought of as normal vaginal discharge • Lack of treatment can lead to: spread of infection to other organs Spread to oviducts Spread to abdominal membranes Cause sterility • .

  9. Treatment: Antibiotics • Some strains of the disease are resistant to some antibiotics • Development of a vaccine is the goal of medical authorities

  10. SYPHILIS

  11. SYPHILIS • “The Pox” • Named after a shepherd who had the disease. • Caused by the spiral shaped bacterium: “Treponema pallidum” • Transmitted: during sexual contact

  12. Affects: both males and females in the same ways • Symptoms: 10 days to 10 weeks after infection • 3 stages of disease: • Primary – bacterium enters the body through a break in the skin. Small sores on the sex organs – heals in 3-8 weeks

  13. Secondary: usually starts a few weeks after primary stage Can be delayed up to 12 months Skin rashs, sore or ulcerated mouths, disorders of the bones • This stage lasts for up to 2 years after infection

  14. Tertiary: latent period where there are no symptoms for many years. • Lack of treatment can lead to: spread of infection to other organs, nervous system, • Insanity, physical incapacity, can transfer across the placenta and infect the foetus.

  15. SYPHILIS • Treatment: Antibiotics Some strains of the disease are resistant to some antibiotics • Pregnant women are tested for STI’s. • Pregnant women are given antibiotics if they have syphilis – this will provide treatment to the foetus as well as the woman.

  16. Hepatitis B • Highly infectious viral disease . • Spread through the transmission of body fluid. - usually transmitted in infected blood but also in other body fluids. • HEPATITIS: inflammation of the liver. • Over 90% of persons infected with HIV also have Hepatitis B.

  17. Hepatitis B • Symptoms: • Flu-like symptoms including: Fatigue, fever, headache, nausea, vomiting and muscle aches, skin may be yellow (jaundice). Liver failure can occur – Liver transplant would be necessary.

  18. Hepatitis B • Treatment: • No cure is available for hepatitis B. - can be given medication to manage the disease • Prophylaxis: series of 3 injections

  19. LESSON 2

  20. HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS • - HIV “The Human Immunodeficiency virus causes progressive damage to the body’s immune system.”

  21. ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME • - AIDS “The destruction of the immune system which leaves a person susceptible to infection by other microorganisms and to some forms of cancer.” • AIDS is a fatal disease – NO CURE.

  22. hiv • HIV is a retro virus • contains an RNA core • HIV infects white blood cells – T-lymphocytes and uses them to produce more of the virus. • HIV virus attaches itself to a cell with a surface molecule called a cluster designation 4 (CD4). • This is how the HIV virus fuses with a human cell.

  23. The process of infection destroys the T-lymphocytes until there are not enough of them left in the body to protect it from infection.

  24. STAGES OF INFECTION • Persons infected with HIV are classified into categories depending on the stage of the disease and their symptoms. • Category A • Category B • Category C

  25. CATEGORY A - hiv • Newly infected individuals develop HIV within 2 weeks of exposure to the virus. • Called: seroconversion • Symptoms similar to glandular fever: Severe lack of energy Fevers Headache Continual dry cough Swollen lymph nodes Painful muscles and joints Symptoms finish after 3 – 14 days

  26. CATEGORY A - hiv Asymptomatic stage – for a period of up to 10 years there are no symptoms However the person is highly infectious.

  27. CATEGORY B - hiv • Several months to several years after infection the person will progress to category B. • T-lymphocyte count drops considerably • Development of illness called: Persistent generalised lymphadenopathy (AIDS related complex).

  28. CATEGORY B - hiv • Symptoms: • Swelling in the neck, armpits, groin • Diarrhoea • Fatigue • Weight loss over 5 kg for no apparent reason • Continual dry cough • Unexplained bleeding • Shortness of breath • Nervous system impairment • Inability to think clearly • Loss of memory/judgement

  29. CATEGORY C - HIV • Most people in this category have developed AIDS. • Have various serious conditions including: • Pneumonia • Cancers • Brain disorders • Some people infected with HIV do not progress to this stage

  30. SPREAD OF HIV • has spread rapidly around the world • Virus does not survive long outside of the human body. • Infected body fluids must be passed directly into a person’s bloodstream

  31. SPREAD OF HIV • Body fluids that are able to carry enough HIV to be infectious: • Blood • Seminal fluid • Vaginal and cervical fluids • Breast milk • Even though HIV is found in other body fluids it is not in large enough quantities to be infectious

  32. HIV can be spread by: • Unprotected sexual intercourse • Sharing of needles • From infected mother to embryo/child • Breastfeeding • Unscreened blood transfusions

  33. PREVENTATIVE MEASURES • Don’t have sexual intercourse • Don’t inject drugs • Only have protected sex • No sharing any objects that have been contaminated by human blood • Do not let cuts or sores come into contact with human blood

  34. DIAGNOSIS OF HIV • Blood test to check for HIV antibodies 2 – 6 weeks after suspected infection. • Follow-up test is recommended 10 – 12 weeks after first test if it is negative to be sure that no antibodies have developed. • VIRAL LOAD • Blood test to that gives an indication of the activity of the HIV virus.

  35. TREATMENT • NO cure for HIV • Many investigations and drug trials are being carried out around the world for a cure. • A mixture (cocktail) of drugs are prescribed to HIV patients to inhibit the reproductive cycle of the virus. • Vaccines are being trialled

  36. AIDS • First AIDS case in Australia was 1982 • By 2000: 9754 cases – 5751 had died.

  37. CHLAMYDIA • Previously known as “non-specific urethritis” (NSU) • Organism: Chlamydia trachomatis • bacterium • Treatment with antibiotics • Infects both men and women

  38. CHLAMYDIA • Symptoms only show in men: • Yellow, pus like discharge • Burning sensation on urination • Long term damage in men: • Inflammation of epididymis – epididymitis • Sterility

  39. CHLAMYDIA • Long term damage in women: • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) • Infertility • Ectopic pregnancies can occur • Diagnosis of Chlamydia in women is confirmed by cervical swab. • 70% chance that disease will be passed on to foetus during birth

  40. GENITAL HERPES • Increasingly common • Herpes simplex type 1 – produces cold sores on the lip • Herpes simplex type 2 – results in blisters on genitals • Disease is not curable

  41. Symptoms: • Painful blisters on penis/labia and vagina • Virus can reinfect at any time and the blisters will recur • Can cause serious malformations and life-threatening diseases in children bornto infected mothers. • - children get delivered by caesarean section

  42. TREATMENT • Medication to reduce the pain • Sexual abstinence during blister eruption • Anti-viral drugs • Vaccine available for women – does not work for men

  43. GENITAL WARTS • Caused by a virus: human papillomavirus • Associated with cervical cancer – detected by a PAP smear • Usually found: Vagina, Labia, Cervix, Penis • Also found: Anus & Throat • A newborn child can become infected during passage through birth canal

  44. PUBIC LICE AND SCABIES • Both cause intense itching in the genital area • Louse (insect) – Phthirus pubis • Scabies (mite) – Sarcoptes scabei • Intense scratching due to allergic reaction to the lice or their faeces • Transmission through either sexual contact or sharing same bed

  45. TRICHOMONIASIS • Infection caused by a protozoan – Trichomonas vaginalis • Causes inflammation of the mucus membranes of the vagina in women and the urethra in men. • Symptoms in women: • Vaginal discharge and severe vaginal itch • No symptoms in men

  46. CONTROL OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS • What can be done to decrease the incidence of sexually transmitted infections? • Effective health education • Safe sex practises • Identifying high risk groups • Sexual health clinics • Tracing of sexual contacts

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