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Define Psychology.

Define Psychology. The Science of behavior and mental processes. . Significance of Wilhelm Wundt. Opened the first Psychology lab in Germany and is therefore considered the father of psychology. Significance of William James. First American Psychologist and

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Define Psychology.

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  1. Define Psychology. • The Science of behavior and mental processes.

  2. Significance of Wilhelm Wundt • Opened the first Psychology lab in Germany and is therefore considered the father of psychology.

  3. Significance of William James • First American Psychologist and • author of the first Psychology textbook. • Believed Psychology should study the functions of consciousness.

  4. Significance of G. Stanley Hall • Opened the first Psychology lab in the U.S.

  5. Significance of Martin Seligman • Believed Psychology should emphasize making human life more productive and fulfilling. • Founded positive Psychology.

  6. Describe the psychodynamic perspective of Psychology. • How are we affected by unconscious drives and conflicts. • Unresolved inner conflicts can affect whether we help others.

  7. Who is considered the founder of the Psychodynamic Perspective? • Freud

  8. Describe the behaviorist school of thought. • How we learn through rewards, punishments, and observation. • psychology should only study observable and objectively described acts.

  9. Describe the cognitive school of thought. • How we process information. • how people memorize facts, and what changes our thinking structure.

  10. Describe the humanist school of thought • How healthy people strive to reach their full potential.

  11. What is the difference between applied and basic research? • Applied: study that aims to solve practical problems. • Basic: pure science that aims to increase the secientific knowledge base.

  12. What is a case study? • A research technique where one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

  13. What is a longitudinal study? • Studies the same group of individuals over a long period of time.

  14. What is a cross-sectional study? • Compares individuals from different age groups at one time.

  15. Describe naturalistic observation. • Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to control the situation.

  16. Give an example of how a study could be biased. • In our head phone study example: students may study harder if the principal is in the room. • As a researcher, your observations could be influenced by what you want to discover.

  17. What is a correlational study? Can it prove cause and effect? • A research project designed to discover the degree to which tow variables are related to each other. • No, it does not prove cause and effect. Only if the variables are related.

  18. Define experiment. Can it prove cause and effect? • The researcher manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on other variables while controlling for confounding variables. • Yes, experiments prove cause and effect.

  19. Define independent variable. • The variable that is manipulated, causes a change in the dependent variable.

  20. Dependent Variable • Influenced by the independent variable.

  21. What are confounding variables? • A variable, other than the independent (cause) variable that could influence the dependent variable.

  22. What happens to the control group in an experiment? • The group not exposed to the independent variable. • Used as a measure • In a medical study, may be given a placebo.

  23. What happens to the experimental group? • They are exposed to the independent variable.

  24. What is a placebo? • A nonactive substance or condition that may be administered instead of a drug or active agent.

  25. What are the four basic principles for human participation in an experiment? • Informed consent • The right to be protected from harm and discomfort • The right to confidentiality • The right to debriefing

  26. Define environment. • Every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.

  27. How many chromosomes in each human cell? • 46 • 23 from mom and 23 from dad

  28. Chromosomes are made up of ____________________. • Molecules called DNA

  29. What does having a predisposition to a disease mean • The possibility of for a disease exists.

  30. Will you certainly develop the disease if you are predisposed? • No, environment also plays a role.

  31. Identical twins are monozygotic, what does that mean? • Means the babies develop from one egg. • More genetically alike than any others. • Twin studies are important in the study of behavior genetics

  32. What is natural selection? • The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to survival will more likely be passed on to succeeding generations. • Survival of the fittest.

  33. Fraternal twins are dizygotic, what does that mean? • Means developed from two eggs, but gestate at the same time. • No more alike than siblings.

  34. What does heritable mean? • The degree to which our traits are inherited. • EG. One study showed that genes influence divorce risk (identical twins were studied). Shoed if one twin was divorced, the odds of the other twin divorcing went up 5.5 times. • The behavior is not inherited but the genetic predisposition that leads to the behavior is inherited.

  35. Define culture. • The shared attitudes, beliefs, norms, and behaviors of a group communicated from one generation to the next.

  36. Define individualization • Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals, and defining one’s identify in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification.

  37. Define collectivism. • Giving priority to the goals of one’s group and defining one’s identify accordingly.

  38. Societal Norms • Understood rules for accepted and expected behavior, norms prescribe “proper” behavior.

  39. What is the focus of positive psychology? • Movement that focuses on optimal human functioning

  40. What is Gestalt Psychology? • Early psychological perspective that emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

  41. Describe evolutionary psychology. • The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.

  42. What was structuralism? • Early theory that analyzed the basic elements of thoughts and sensations to determine the structure of conscious experience.

  43. Describe the scientific method. • Method of learning about the world through the application of critical thinking and tools such as observation, experimentation, and statistical analysis.

  44. What are studies of identical twins so important? • Because identical twins are also genetically identical and research helps behavior genetics field.

  45. Does the text say nature or nurture plays a bigger role in development? • The text argues that both nature and nurture are equally important.

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