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Monte Carlo Global Illumination

Monte Carlo Global Illumination. Brandon Lloyd COMP 238 December 16, 2002. Monte Carlo Method. Advantages Good for integrals of high dimension All you need is point samples Allows for arbitrary number of samples Disadvantages

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Monte Carlo Global Illumination

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  1. Monte Carlo Global Illumination Brandon Lloyd COMP 238 December 16, 2002

  2. Monte Carlo Method • Advantages • Good for integrals of high dimension • All you need is point samples • Allows for arbitrary number of samples • Disadvantages • Susceptible to noise (caused by high frequencies in the integrand) • Slow convergence where N is the number of samples

  3. Monte Carlo Method • The expected value of a function f according to a pdf p: • Can be approximated with a discrete number of samples xi~ p (converges as N)

  4. Monte Carlo Method • … but we are interested in the integral of an arbitrary function f.

  5. Importance Sampling • We can use any distribution p that is non-zero over the domain • The distribution affects variance • The more closely p matches f the less variance you will have. • If p = f then you get the right answer with one sample! But that requires we know f.

  6. Importance Sampling • Directional formulation of the rendering equation: • We don’t know Li .We can sample according to: f, cos , or f cos 

  7. Importance Sampling • Point formulation of the rendering equation: • A bit more complicated. Usually just generate points on the surfaces.

  8. Generating Samples • We can easily generate a uniform random variable U. • Use the Inversion Method to transform U to X ~ p. • Create the CDF of p • Use the inverse of P to transform U.

  9. Example: Diffuse BRDF • Choose

  10. Example: Diffuse BRDF • p is separable so we treat each dimension independently • Invert by solving for u0= P and u1= P

  11. Example: Diffuse BRDF • Final Estimator • The Global Illumination Compendium [Dutre 2001] contains transformations for a number of useful pdfs that arise in global illumination problems

  12. Tranforming the Distribution • The distribution is created in a canonical space but we need to have it about the surface normal. Z N

  13. Z H N Tranforming the Distribution • Obvious method. Create a coordinate frame by picking arbitrary S. T = ||NxS|| S=||TxN|| • Can be done more cheaply [Hughes99] • If the distribution is isotropic then reflect about the half-way vector

  14. Results Test Scene

  15. BRDF sampling Area sampling Path tracing (combined sampling) Multiple Importance sampling

  16. Bias! Path tracing Multiple Importance Sampling Multiple Importance Sampling

  17. References [Hughes99] John F. Hughes and Tomas Möller, “Building an Orthonormal Basis from a Unit Vector'' Journal of Graphics Tools, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 33-35, 1999. [Dutre01] Phillip Dutre, Global Illumination Compendium, http://www.graphics.cornell.edu/~phil/GI/, 2001

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