Age of Reason

1. Age of Reason Aka The Enlightenment

2. The Enlightenment1720-1820

3. Key Enlightenment Ideas • Reasoning instead of tradition • Natural laws to govern a nation • Natural rights (life, liberty, property, speech, religion, press, tolerance) • Revolution if necessary (Locke) • Social contract vs. natural rights • Representative government • Separation of powers (Montesqueiu)

4. Enlightenment Progress Reason Education Tolerance Reading Capitalism Trial Freedom Liberty Secular Absolutism (OLD) Tradition Blind Faith Ignorance Intolerance Illiteracy Mercantilism Torture Censorship Oppression Religious

5. Two Views On Government John Locke Goal of Government Protecting natural rights Natural Rights of life, liberty, & property Power from the people Role of the People People are good Must follow laws, make progress Revolution is right if government fails Thomas Hobbes Goal of Government Keep law & order Prevent civil war Power from God Role of the People People are bad Self Preservation Social Contract Give up rights in exchange for law, order, & long life

6. Voltaire Greatest Idea Personal Freedoms Tolerance for all freedom of religion & freedom of speech “I may disagree with what you say but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”

7. Greatest Idea Separation of Powers 3 Branches of Rule Best way to protect Liberty Checks & balances “Government should be set up so that no man need be afraid of another.” “Power should be a check to power.” Montesquieu

8. Rousseau Great IDEA (Problem) Civilization Corrupts Man People are good, society is bad Society destroys freedom, takes away equality Great Idea (Solution) General Will (The Social Contract) Consent of the governed Direct democracy Obedience to the will of all No titles of nobility Shaped the French Revolution “Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains.” -Rousseau

9. Legacy of The Enlightenment Rethinking the structure of society, Power comes from the people, not God BLUEPRINT FOR DEMOCRACY… Revolution if necessary, Separation of powers Popular sovereignty, Natural rights, Protection of rights

10. Review Information • Locke [1690] Two Treatises on Government • Humans, by nature, had the right to life, liberty and property • Government was formed to protect these natural rights • Okay to overthrow a government that did not protect these • Government power comes from people, not god

11. Review Information • Voltaire [1700’s] proposed tolerance, freedom of religion, free speech • Rousseau [1762] believed the social contract to be a free agreement among free individuals to create a government that would respond to the people’s will. Government must come from the consent of the governed. • Montesquieu [1748]: Believed any person or group would try to increase their power • Therefore, to keep government under control, liberty best safeguarded by separation of powers: (1) legislative makes laws (2) executive carries out the laws (3) judicial interprets

12. American & French Revolutions

13. 1775 American Revolution

14. Reasons For Revolution • French & Indian War 1763 (HUGE DEBT) • England felt colonists should help pay for the war (taxes) • Unpopular Taxes & Trade Restrictions • Stamp Act- on all printed matter (Repealed in 1766) • Townshend Act-on everyday items • Intolerable Act-punishment for T-Party • Navigation Acts- Americans could only sell to Britain • American Response: “No taxation without representation!”

15. American Revolution Events • The American Revolution • 1770 Boston Massacre & 1773 Boston Tea Party • 1774 1st Continental Congress (John Adams) • Economic boycott & petitioned the King w/grievances • 1775 Lexington & Concord (Gunfire exchanged) • 1775 2nd Continental Congress • Continental Army 1775 (George Washington) • Declaration of Independence 1776, • British Surrender at Yorktown 1781 • Articles of Confederation 1781, Constitution 1787

16. Declaring Independence 1776, 2nd Continental Congress, to declare independence… Thomas Jefferson (Writer) Emphasizing Popular sovereignty Listed Grievances A new Government Protection of rights

17. U.S. Constitution

19. The Bill of Rights A summary list of the rights deemed most important to a people 1st Ten Amendments of the U.S. Constitution Demanded by the Anti-federalists to ratify Enlightenment Ideas into practice

20. American Revolution • Enlightenment ideas affected the British colonists • The colonists helped the British gain control of Americas from the French, then the British government increased the taxes & other controls over the colonists; the colonists protested • the colonists organize and arm themselves against the British oppression. • The American Revolution begins in April 1775 • The Declaration of Independence issued July 4, 1776 • British surrender in 1781 • For several years, the new government was just a loose union & too weak to be effective • In 1787, a group of American leaders come together to find if it is possible to have a government that is strong and stable, but not tyrannical • They seek to create a system where power and responsibility is balanced • A representative government [indirect democracy] • Federal system where powers are divided between a central and a state [local] government • Separated powers into three branches, each with checks and balances over the other

21. U.S. Constitution:An Enlightenment Document Enlightenment Idea Locke Montesquieu Rousseau Voltaire Beccaria U.S. Constitution We the people… Federal system Public elections Bill of rights Rights of accused

22. Democratic Rights & Values“Making life worth living.” Life Liberty Property Right to food Right to work Right to education Freedom of Speech Freedom Press Freedom of Religion The right to bear arms The right to assemble Equality before Law Trial by jury of peers Innocent until proven guilty Right to Vote

23. American Revolution Legacy 1st nation to REVOLUTION It’s possible to overthrow the government! 1787 U.S. Constitution Rule of Law Federal Republic National & State Governments

24. French Revolution

25. REASONS FOR REVOLT 1.Old Regime Unfair system, 3rd Estate always outvoted, No Democracy, Unfair taxes, unfair laws, social inequality 2. Burden of Debt France is deeply in debt from Wars, lavish court expenses, deficit spending, interest payment, & exemptions 3. Poor Harvests Bad harvests sent food prices soaring (supply & demand), hunger to millions, bread riots broke out, angry citizens 4. Failure to Reform King Louis XIV & XV pursued pleasure before business & ran up more debts, Necker ideas rejected, Estates General called

26. The Three Estates • 1st Estate-The Clergy • 1% of pop, with 10% of land • 2nd Estate-The Nobles • 4% of pop, with 20% of the land. • 3rd Estate-Everyone Else • The Bourgeoisie 10% of the pop. with 30% of Land. (wealthy merchants, bankers, large landowners, artisans) • The Small Farmers 75% of pop. with 40% of the land. • The Proletariat 10% of pop. with 0% of the land. (unskilled workers.)

27. Estates General First time in 175 years Delegates from each Estate The Answer to the French problems

28. Storming the Bastille July 14th, 1789 Bastille Prison (Symbol of Old Regime) National Assembly Restored 1st step in the French Revolution “Is it a revolt? No, Sire, It is a revolution.”

29. National Assembly National Assembly Restored One Big Estate Formed GOAL: “Never to separate and to meet wherever until we have a sound and just Constitution.”

30. 1791 The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen • Guaranteed Rights Of • Liberty • Property • Security • Revolution • Freedom

31. The Reign of Terror Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre • The Revolutionary Court of Paris alone executed 2,639 victims in 15 months, 40,000 total killed by guillotine!

32. Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, 1793) • King Louis XVI • Guilty of Treason • Counter-revolution Plan • By one vote • Executed January 21st, 1793 • France now a Republic

33. Napoleon Bonaparte • Dictator, then Emperor • Conquered Europe • Spread the Enlightenment • Napoleonic Civil Code

34. The Influence of the Napoleonic Code Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories], the Code Napoleon swept away feudal property relations.

35. French Revolution Legacy Inspired by Enlightenment Ideas, the American Revolution, wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man, Reign of terror lesson, Napoleonic Code spread freedom all over…

36. Struggle For Democracy TODAY

37. REMINDER • 123 of the 195 nations of the World (63%) • In 1970, only 40 nations, 2002 120 nations • Today in 2011 123 nations! • 63% Democratic, 24% Authoritarian, 8% Limited Democracy, 5% Traditional Democracy

38. Why democracy is hard to achieve? Rule of law, not of men Protection of civil rights & liberties Tolerance of dissent Acceptance of majority decision by minority

39. Lessons From History • England Teaches • That Power ultimately belongs to the People • America Teaches • Both State & National Government are necessary • France Teaches • Democracy can turn into TERROR & DICTATORSHIP

40. Democracy is on ongoing process of change and reforms…there are no guarantees, we all must be watchful, and that its strength always comes from THE PEOPLE…

41. United Nations Legacy United Nations Formed In 1948 General Assembly Every nation represented Democratic Ideology Human Rights, Rule Of Law, Progress Universal Declaration Of Human Rights International Code of Conduct

43. Democracy Essentials 1. Free Elections More than one political party 2. Citizen Participation Education, Economy, Freedoms 3. Majority rule, minority rights Equality, Nationalism, Protection 4. Constitutional Government Rule of law, no one is above the law