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Age of Reason

The Enlightenment . Age of Reason. How It All Fits In …. Age of Exploration: 1480-1790s. Age of Absolutism: 1550-1721. The Age of Reason 1513-1721. The Age of Revolution: 1751-1890. What is 'The Enlightment ’ ?. During the Renaissance Europe was unified under the Church.

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Age of Reason

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  1. The Enlightenment Age of Reason

  2. How It All Fits In… Age of Exploration: 1480-1790s Age of Absolutism: 1550-1721 The Age of Reason 1513-1721 The Age of Revolution: 1751-1890

  3. What is 'The Enlightment’ ? During the Renaissance Europe was unified under the Church. Because of exploration & the reformation Europe saw the emerges of empires in Spain, France & England, called:Absolutism. As the middle class grew in Spain, France & England, old values and the feudal system began to crumble.

  4. The Impact of the Scientific Revolution Scholars applied the scientific method to other areas of learning such as government, history, & economics. People believed that human intelligence, or reason, could solve any problem and unravel any mystery about the world.

  5. Francis Bacon “The far best proof is experience” It advances steadily, discovering new laws and making new inventions possible. Scientific knowledge builds upon itself It enables people to do things otherwise could not be done. KNOWLEDGE IS POWER.

  6. DESCARTES “It is necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as far as possible, all things” An evil demon may be making me believe things are false There is nothing of which I can be certain But when I say “I am; I exist” I cannot be wrong I am thinking, therefore I exist An evil demon could try and make me believe only if really do exist

  7. Niccolo Machiavelli The Success of the state or nation is paramount Whoever governs the state or nation must strive to secure… ….the success of the state. …his or her own glory. In order to do this, they must cannot be bound by morality THE ENDS JUSTIFY THE MEANS

  8. Two Views on Government John Locke Thomas Hobbes English-wrote about government and society. English-studied philosophy and science & was influence by the ideas of Descartes Was affected by the English Civil War & wrote the Leviathan (1651) Affected by the Glorious Revolution & wrote the Two Treatises of Government (1689) Argued that people were “nasty, brutish, and short,” they need to obey a strong government Argued that people have natural rights; life liberty and property He believed that it is the duty of government to protect people’s natural rights. Government had limits.

  9. “Man is a machine” “Everything we know is gained from experience”

  10. VOLTAIRE: “Every fact & theory in history has been revised” “We are not born with ideas & concepts already in our heads” “Every idea and theory can be challenged.” “Doubt is not a pleasant condition but certainty is absurd” He believe in freedom of religion, expression, and a separation of Church & State. His book: Candide 1759

  11. Voltaire and Free Speech TURN TO PAGE 146 IN YOUR TEXT BOOK: READ ENTIRE PAGE Answer questions 1-3 on a blank sheet of paper. 2.Which of the quotes would be most likely to directly oppose the idea of freedom of speech? Why? 3. “I know books which have bored their readers, but I know of none which has done real evil……. Does a book displease you? Refute it. Does it bore you? Don’t read it.” –Voltaire Would modern audiences in the USA today be more or less likely to agree with Voltaire? Explain

  12. Baron de Montesquieu A French Political thinker, who wrote about the separation of government powers. His 1748 book, The Spirit of the Laws argued for a: legislative, executive, and judicial branch. These power were divided so that no one branch became too powerful. American government is based off of this: checks & balances!

  13. Jean Jacques Rousseau “Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains” His book, The Social Contract (1762) outlines the basis that people are born with natural rights People enter into a social contract among themselves surrendering their rights to the majority Rousseau believed that the will of the majority is supreme and government must have unlimited power.

  14. EDMUND BURKE Human beings have material, scientific, artistic & moral needs. They cannot meet all the needs through their own efforts. They refer to customs & religion of their ancestors wherever possible. They agree to help each other since this is the best way to meet their mutual needs. Society is indeed a contract. Change should occur gradually.

  15. MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT: “Mind has no gender” A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. If men and women are given the same education they will acquire the same knowledge & character.

  16. ADAM SMITH Believed in laissez-faire (hands off) economic policy. No government assistance. His book, The Wealth of Nations (1776) argued that freedom provided by the buying and selling of goods, individuals can enjoy lives of natural liberty. The wealth of a nation depends on its labor force.

  17. ADAM SMITH’S THEORY People act out of self-interest. We often require goods & services that other provides We must therefore agree to exchange good or money between us in a way that benefits both parties Man is an animal that makes bargains.

  18. America’s Presidents Thomas Jefferson John Adams Only the Aristocracy, (men of wealth & intelligence) should participate in government Common men can participate in government, (farmers) Government should consistent of a loose confederation of states. Authored, Notes on the State of Virginia & co-authored Deceleration of Independence Believed in a strong, bicameral legislature & separation of powers. Authored the Massachusetts State Constitution & DOI Argued that people who owned property and were educated should participate in government. Government should include skilled workers, small farmers and plantation owners.

  19. Where we are going… The Age of Reason 1513-1721 The English Civil War: 1642-1651 The American Revolution 1776-1789 The French Revolution: 1789 Latin American Revolutions 1803

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