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RECOVERY & REFORM OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

RECOVERY & REFORM OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. Obj : What issues led to reform in the Church & how effective were they in achieving their goals?. CHALLENGES TO THE PAPACY POLITICAL DIVISION IN ITALY BYZANTINE POSSESSIONS MUSLIMS HRE ATTEMPTS TO CONTROL NORTHERN & CENTRAL ITALY

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RECOVERY & REFORM OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

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  1. RECOVERY & REFORM OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

  2. Obj: What issues led to reform in the Church & how effective were they in achieving their goals? CHALLENGES TO THE PAPACY POLITICAL DIVISION IN ITALY BYZANTINE POSSESSIONS MUSLIMS HRE ATTEMPTS TO CONTROL NORTHERN & CENTRAL ITALY MONASTIC IDEAL SUFFERED DUE TO POLITICAL CONCERNS OF PAPACY & CHURCH OBLIGATIONS OF FEUDAL SYSTEM LED TO CONCERN FOR MATERIAL ITEMS AT EXPENSE OF SPIRITUAL RESPONSIBILITIES LAY INVESTITURE CEREMONY SIMONY CLERICAL MARRIAGE

  3. MONASTIC REFORM • CLUNY ABBEY & WM. OF AQUITAINE 910 IN FRANCE • RENEWED DEDICATION TO BENEDIC-TINE RULE • INDEPENDENT FROM LOCAL RULE • MORE WORK, MORE PRAYER • LESS RELIANCE ON MATERIAL LIFE • SOUND ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT • REPRESENTED ORDER + STABILITY IN DISORDERLY & UNSTABLE WORLD • PAPAL SUPPORT KEY IN SUCCESS OF CLUNAIC REFORM • 100’S OF ABBEYS THROUGHOUT EUROPE

  4. GREAT SCHISM 1054 • POPE & PATRIARCH? WHO HAS UNI-VERSAL JURISDICTION • LEAVENED OR UNLEAVENED BREAD • ROLE OF CONSTANTINOPLE IN HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY • ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY • SUPRESSION OF GREEK & LATIN LANGUAGES IN RESPECTIVE AREAS • PATRIARCH MICHAEL I & POPE LEO IX • FINAL DIVISION OF ROMAN CATHOLIC & EASTERN ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY • DIVISION EXISTS TODAY

  5. LAY INVESTITURE CONTROVERSY 1075KING HENRY IV OF HRE & POPE GREGORY VII • ELIMINATE POLITICAL ASPECT OF APPOINTING CHURCH OFFICIALS • GREATEST REFORM POPE • ONLY CHURCH HAS RIGHT TO ELECT OFFICIALS & RUN IT’S OWN AFFAIRS • HENRY IV DISAGREES – TRADITIONALLY KINGS APPOINT CLERGY • BISHOPRIC OF MILAN IMMEDIATE CAUSE – POPE & KING DIFFER ON CANDIDATE • POPE THREATENS EXCOMMUNICATION • KING DEPOSES POPE AT SYNOD • POPE FOLLOWS THROUGH W/ THREAT • ABSOLUTION & FORGIVENESS AT CANOSSA & BAN LIFTED BUT 3 YRS LATER AT IT AGAIN • EXCOMM & H4 INVADES ITALY, TAKES ROME • STRUGGLE ENDS 1122 CONCORDAT OF WORMS – POPE HAS FINAL AUTHORITY

  6. SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES 1075-1122 • CIVIL WAR BETWEEN NOBLES VYING FOR POWER IN HRE • BUILD UP OF CASTLES BY NOBILITY TO SYMBOLIZE INCREASED POWER & INDEDPENDENCE FROM POPE & EMPEROR • NOBLES HOLD REAL POWER IN HRE & EMPEROR WILL NEVER HAVE ULTIMATE AUTHORITY & LOYALTY OF SUBJECTS • SUCCESSORS OF HENRY IV RELINQUISH RIGHTS & PRIVILEGES TO NOBLES • FREDERICK I AND II CAN’T STRENGTHEN MONARCHY AGAINST NOBILITY • RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPE & EMPEROR ALWAYS DIFFERENT THAN WITH OTHER MONARCHS 1) POPE CROWNED EMPEROR AND 2) POPE & EMPEROR CLAIMED PAPAL STAES & NORTHERN ITALY UNDER THEIR CONTROL

  7. PAPAL MONARCHY INNOCENT III 1198-1216 • REFORM CONTINUED AFTER G7 • PAPAL CENTRALIZATION POPE URBAN II 1088-1099 – PAPAL CURIA OR PAPAL COURT • COURT FOR ALL APPEALS INVOLVING CHURCH: MARRIAGE, PROPERTY, OATHS • MOST POPES IN 12TH & 13TH C. TRAINED AS LAWYERS NOT MONKS • COLLEGE OF CARDINALS ONLY ONES TO SELECT POPE • INNOCENT III ‘SUPREME JUDGE OF ALL EARTHLY AFFAIRS’ • USE OF EXCOMMUNICATION & INTERDICT – KING JOHN (E) & PHILIP II (F) • INQUISITION: CRUSADE AGAINST THOSE WITHIN THE CHURCH • FRANCISCANS, DOMINICANS & CISTERCIANS – SANCTIONED BY INNOCENT DUE TO CORRUPTION WITHIN & RESULT OF REFORMS

  8. NEW CHALLENGES FOR THE CHURCH • PEOPLE CAN’T ESCAPE UPHEAVALS OF LIFE • ROYAL CHALLENGES TO PAPACY ARISE • EDWARD I OF ENGLAND & PHILIP IV OF FR PREPARE FOR WAR • POPE BONIFACE VIII 1294-1303 • CLERICIS LAICOS – NO TAXATION OF CLERGY WITHOUT PAPAL APPROVAL & IGNORED BY ED & PHILIP • UNAM SANCTUM “GOD HAS SET POPES OVER KINGS” • PHILIP IV EXCOMMUNICATED, BONIFACE ARRESTED & RELEASED BUT DIES SOON AFTER & PHILIP ENCOURAGES CLEMENT V TO REMAIN IN AVIGNON • BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY OR AVIGNON PAPACY 1311-1377 • PALACE IS MANIFESTATION OF ABUSES • PLURALISM, INDULGENCES, POWER OVER SPIRITUAL GUIDANCE

  9. INTERNAL STRIFE & SCANDAL • OPPOSITION TO AVIGNON PAPACY FROM LAY REFORMERS • CATHERINE OF SIENA – TELLS POPE GREGORY XI THAT RESIGNING IS MORE HONORABLE TO GOD THAN STAYING IN AVIGNON • GREAT SCHISM 1378-1417: DEATH OF POPE, ROLE OF COLLEGE OF CARDINALS, ELECTION & RETRACTION & ELECTION • 2 POPES: URBAN VI IN ROME & CLEMENT VII IN AVIGNON – LEGITIMACY? • SCHISM OVER BUT NO MEANINGFUL REFORM IN 13TH & EARLY 14TH CENTURIES • LAYS FOUNDATION FOR PROTESTANT REFORMATION

  10. SOLUTIONS & REFORM (?) • NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS: FRANCISCANS , DOMINICANS DIFFERED FROM EARLIER FORMED CISTERCIANS – NEED NEW ORDERS TO DEAL WITH CORRUPTION WITHIN CHURCH AND IN SOCIETY • CONCILIAR MOVEMENT – SERIES OF COUNCILS MEET TO SOLVE PROBLEM • COUNCIL AT PISA – ELECT 3RD POPE • COUNCIL AT CONSTANCE – ALL 3 POPES RESIGN & ELECT MARTIN V 1417-1431

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