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Catholic Reform

Catholic Reform. Counter-Reformation. Review of Criticisms of the Church. “Temporal Punishment” Must confess sins to a priest Need to undergo some punishment or task to make amends for the sins committed Examples: “good works” –feeding the hungry, caring for the sick

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Catholic Reform

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  1. Catholic Reform Counter-Reformation

  2. Review of Criticisms of the Church • “Temporal Punishment” • Must confess sins to a priest • Need to undergo some punishment or task to make amends for the sins committed • Examples: “good works” –feeding the hungry, caring for the sick • If a sin is not expiated, you will spend time in purgatory • allows temporal punishment to transfer to the afterlife • “Indulgences” • created by the church to collect money (late 13th century) • paying someone else to do the good works demanded of you to expiate your sins • in return get a receipt- (document) proof of the indulgence purchase • approved by Clement VI (Avignon Papacy) • simply- buying your way into heaven • expanded with the invention of the printing press

  3. Criticisms • “Simony” • Sale Church offices, or positions. • Many Italian cardinals bought there way into leadership positions within the R.C.C. • Many gained control of lands they never visited. • “Nepotism” • The awarding of posts to relatives or friends. • Pope Paul III made two of his grandsons cardinals.

  4. “Men are to be changed by, not to change, religion” -superior general of the Hermits of St. Augustine Popes were unwilling to answer calls for early reform, for fear that their power would be stripped.

  5. The Religious Situation circa 1560 Lutheran Anglican Calvinist Anabaptist Roman Catholic

  6. New Religious Orders • New R.C.C. orders did develop to respond to calls for reform: Who were they? • Theatines (1524)-restore virtue and honor to the clergy. • Capuchins (1528)-return to charitable ideals of St. Francis. Founded by Matteo de Bascio. • Carmelites- Teresa of Avilia-new push for women to withdraw from society to reach true devotion. • Ursulines (1535)-religious education for girls of all classes. Angela Merici.

  7. Ignatius of Loyola • What is his story? • Spiritual Exercises • Designed to teach one absolute spiritual self-mastery over one's feelings. • Through self-discipline and self-control you will accept , without question, church authority and spiritual direction.

  8. The Society of Jesus a.k.a the Jesuits • A model of church organization, orthodoxy, and discipline. • Goal was to help shape the will of the individual to help the church. • Teach the teachers • Key to bringing back Catholics in Austria, Bavaria, the Rhineland, & Poland. • Traveled throughout the world. • Become known for education. • 28 Jesuit colleges in the U.S. • Marquette, St. Louis U., Boston College, Regis, Xavier, Gonzaga, Loyola (Chicago), Creighton

  9. Council of Trent • Three sessions- • 18 years, 4 Popes • 1545-1563 • Dominated by Italians • Reforms: what were they? • Curb selling of church offices • Bishops sent to live in the dioceses • Bishops must be visible, preach regularly, and visit dioceses. • Parish priests required to dress better, be educated, strictly celibate, and active in parish. • A Seminary established in each dioceses. (good for history)

  10. Reaffirmations • Scholastic education of the clergy • Role of Good works in salvation • Authority of Tradition • 7 Sacraments • Transubstantiation • Eucharistic cup for clergy only • Clerical celibacy • Realty of Purgatory • Veneration of saints, relics, and sacred images • Granting letters of indulgence (No longer SELLING them!)

  11. The Roman Inquisition • Pope Paul III ordered the Inquisition in 1542. • Initially designed to purge Protestants from Italy • There were 3 Inquisitions • Medieval 1231 • Spanish 1478 • Roman 1542

  12. The Roman Inquisition • Pope Paul IV (Gian Pietro Carafa—headed the inquisition for Paul III) • Censorship & Forbidden books. • Invented the “ghetto”, ordering Jews living in the Papal States to reside in specific neighborhoods, which they could leave only at certain times.. • Issued a bull in 1555 stating the Jews were to blame for the death of Jesus Christ, and therefore should be slaves. • In most of Catholic Europe Jews had to wear yellow caps, could not own land, and were excluded from most professions.

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