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CHAPTER 11

CHAPTER 11. Facilitating User Computing. END-USER COMPUTING. HANDS-ON USE OF COMPUTERS BY EMPLOYEES ENTER DATA MAKE INQUIRIES PREPARE REPORTS PERFORM STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ANALYZE PROBLEMS DEVELOP WEB PAGES *. PRIMARY DRIVERS. AVAILABILITY OF LOW-COST MICROCOMPUTERS:

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CHAPTER 11

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  1. CHAPTER 11 Facilitating User Computing

  2. END-USER COMPUTING • HANDS-ON USE OF COMPUTERS BY EMPLOYEES • ENTER DATA • MAKE INQUIRIES • PREPARE REPORTS • PERFORM STATISTICAL ANALYSIS • ANALYZE PROBLEMS • DEVELOP WEB PAGES *

  3. PRIMARY DRIVERS • AVAILABILITY OF LOW-COST MICROCOMPUTERS: • HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES • COMPUTER LITERACY AMONG COLLEGE GRADUATES, PROFESSIONALS • INCREASED USER FRUSTRATIONS ABOUT NEW PROJECT BACKLOGS *

  4. USER APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT • USE OF COMPUTER TOOLS • DEVELOP BUSINESS APPLICATIONS • USERS ARE NOT IS SPECIALISTS • INVOLVES APPLICATION, TOOL & DEVELOPER *

  5. USER-DEVELOPED APPLICATIONSADVANTAGES • INCREASED USER CONTROL OVER PROJECT • INCREASED USER ACCEPTANCE OF SOLUTION • FREES IS RESOURCES • INCREASES USERS’ KNOWLEDGE OF IT *

  6. USER-DEVELOPED APPLICATIONSDISADVANTAGES • LOSS OF QUALITY CONTROL • INCREASES OPERATIONAL RISKS DUE TO DEVELOPED TURNOVER • POTENTIAL LABOR/TIME INEFFICIENCIES • LOSS OF INTEGRATION OPPORTUNITIES/CAPABILITIES *

  7. CHARACTERISTICS • APPLICATION: • SCOPE: Personal, departmental, organizational • CRITICALITY/IMPACT: Risk exposure • SIZE & USAGE: One-time, periodic, ongoing • PROBLEM COMPLEXITY: Structure, how common is task? *

  8. CHARACTERISTICS • TOOL: • SOPHISTICATION, COMPLEXITY • INTERCONNECTEDNESS • DEVELOPER: • USER SKILLS, EXPERIENCE, AVAILABILITY • IS SPECIALIST SKILLS, EXPERIENCE, AVAILABILITY *

  9. EXTENT OF INTERCONNECTEDNESS*STAGE EXTENT OF INTERCONNECTEDNESS • ISOLATION: Application does not use or create data for another application • STAND-ALONE: Application uses manually entered computer-generated data from reports, printouts • MANUAL INTEGRATION: Data electronically transferred from another application, manually (e.g., file on disk) * * Adapted from Huff, Munro & Martin, 1988

  10. EXTENT OF INTERCONNECTEDNESS*STAGE EXTENT OF INTERCONNECTEDNESS • AUTOMATED INTEGRATION: Application electronically connected with one or more databases/applications using automated scripts • DISTRIBUTED INTEGRATION: Application uses data created, stored, maintained by organization’s systems under control of IS specialists * * Adapted from Huff, Munro & Martin, 1988

  11. DEVELOPED FOR OTHER USERS DEVELOPED FOR SELF USER ONLY SMALL, SIMPLE LARGE, COMPLEX GUIDELINES FOR CHOOSING DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 1. SDLC OR PROTOTYPING, DISCIPLINED APPROACH TO DEFINITION & IMPLEMENTATION 2. SDLC, CLEAR “HANDS-OFF” BETWEEN PHASES 3. “COLLAPSED” LIFE CYCLE 4. DISCIPLINED, ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT

  12. ORGANIZATION LEVEL CONTEXT: ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL FACTORS DEPARTMENTAL LEVEL FACTORS STATUS OF IS/USER PARTNERSHIP STRATEGY SUPPORT & CONTROL ACTIONS TECHNOLOGY INDIVIDUAL LEVEL USER DEVELOPER DEVELOPMENT PROCESS TASK TOOL LEVERAGING END-USER COMPUTING* *Based on Branceau & Brown, 1993

  13. ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL • STRATEGY: Strategic objectives and approach to end-user computing • TECHNOLOGY: Range & accessibility of end-user tools • SUPPORT & CONTROL ACTIONS: Support services, control policies & procedures *

  14. HIGH LOW LOW HIGH EXPANSION/CONTROL MATRIX* EXPANSION CONTROL *Based on Monroe et al., 1987-1988; Brancheau & Amoroso, 1990

  15. EVOLUTION OF INFORMATION CENTERSTAGE ONE: • REACTIVE SERVICES • INDIVIDUAL SOLUTIONS • PRODUCT TRAINING • ALL NEEDS SUPPORTED • COMPUTER LITERACY TRAINING • ONE-WAY RELATIONSHIPS *

  16. EVOLUTION OF INFORMATION CENTERSTAGE TWO: • PROACTIVE SERVICES • DEPARTMENTAL SOLUTIONS • BUSINESS PROBLEM-SOLVING • HIGH-PAYOFF NEEDS SUPPORTED • INFORMATION LITERACY EDUCATION • ALLIANCE: IS/USER ALLIANCE *

  17. COMMON SUPPORT SERVICES • TROUBLESHOOTING • CONSULTING • TRAINING & IS EDUCATION • PRODUCT RESEARCH & EVALUATION • INFORMATION SHARING • TOOL SELECTION & PURCHASING • TOOL INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE & UPGRADING *

  18. COMMON POLICIES & PROCEDURES • PRODUCT STANDARDS • ERGONOMICS • PRODUCT PURCHASES • INVENTORY CONTROL • UPGRADE PROCEDURES • QUALITY REVIEW • IDENTIFYING CRITICAL APPLICATIONS & DATA *

  19. COMMON POLICIES & PROCEDURES • DATA ACCESS • BACKUP PROCEDURES • AUDIT TRAILS • DOCUMENTATION STANDARDS • UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS • UNAUTHORIZED SOFTWARE COPYING • VIRUS PROTECTION *

  20. CHAPTER 11 Facilitating User Computing

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