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Developing Immunity

Explore the immune system of birds and how it protects against infections. Learn about different types of immunity, antibody production, vaccination, and factors affecting immunity. Discover the role of vaccines in safeguarding poultry health.

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Developing Immunity

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  1. Developing Immunity Immunity: Power to resist infection and destroy their activity Acquire ability in the body that differentiate F. S. Phagocytosis of the organism,secretion, obstructed Immune System: Foreign substances that used as antigen Which causes the production of antibodies It is a highly specialized defense system called the Immune System. Resisting disease caused by infectious agents.

  2. Immune System • Two types: • T- system (Thymus system): Immature lymphocytes originating in the yolk sac & bone marrow pass through the thymus called T- Lymphocytes. • Mature, grow & accumulate in the lymphoid organs • T- cell do not produce antibodies • Power to develop lymphokines- destroy foreign cells in the presence of AB, called cellular immunity

  3. Immune System • B- System (Bursal system): T- cells & other lymphocytes pass through the bursa of Fabricius in the young chicks & maturation takes place • Plasma cells develop in the B- system, including the bursa, spleen, & cecal tonsils & produce AB. • B- system produce > 700 times AB than T- system. • Diseases that affect thymus or bursa of young chick disrupts the development of B or T- system Anamnestic response: Development of lymphocytes that act as a memory cells, referred to as anamnestic response.

  4. Suppression of Immune System Certain diseases & conditions affect immune systems: • Suppression of the T- system: 1. Marek’s disease; 2. Heat & cold; 3. Genetic origin; 4. Incomplete vaccine reaction; 5. Aflatoxicosis • Suppression of the B- system: 1. IBD; 2. Heat & cold ; 3. Lymphoid leucosis; 4. Nutritional deficiency; 5. Toxins; 6. Inclusion body hepatitis; 7. Aflatoxins; 8. Mycoplasmosis; 9. Coccidiosis; 10. Reo infection. 11. Low antibody production.

  5. Antibodies and Immunity • Physiology of Antibodies • If foreign substance enters the chicken, the body acts to eliminate it. • Bacteria are proteins, that are foreign to the birds. • Foreign protein produce a toxic reaction – disease. • Body system generates a chemical called antibody inactivates them. • Antibody Behavior • Independent antibody for each disease

  6. Antibodies and Immunity • Length of time for AB production that varies on: • No. of organisms involved at invasion time • Virility or virulency of the organism • Condition of the bird (freedom from stress) • Type of organism • Immunity long-lasting from vaccine to vaccine • Antibodies may not destroy all organisms. e.g. the atrophied ova have no blood supply, so Salmonella pullorum harbored & continue to live on & multiply

  7. Variability in AB Production • Higher the titer, the greater the number of antibodies • Titer determines resistance: 1. If AB titer become low severe reinfection may occur; 2. Severity of the 2nd. Invasion will be determined by the no. of AB in the bird at that time. • Age of the bird and AB: • Young chicks seem more susceptible than older birds.

  8. Parental or Passive Immunity • Decrease of AB is much more rapid in chicks than adult • AB no. in chicks correlated with no. in chicks • Chicks with no parental immunity are easily invaded • Passing live organisms through the eggs. Parental Immunity Not Effective with Some Disease: ILT, Mycoplasma, Fowl pox.

  9. Vaccine and Vaccination • Vaccine: A suspension of living living or inactivated organisms used as an antigen in order to confer active immunity. • Vaccination: A method of producing active immunity against a specific infection by means of inoculation with a vaccine.

  10. How Vaccines Work • Used to produce a mild infection • Antigen part produce AB in some specific organ • Protect by the invasion of that specific organism • Vaccination efficacy depends on administration procedure & virulency, quality & quantity of antigen

  11. Routes of Vaccine administration • Intramuscular 10. Feather follicle • Subcutaneous 11. Spray • Ocular • Nasal • Oral • Drinking water • Dust- into RT through nostrils • Cloacal • Wing web

  12. Types of Vaccines Vaccines may be classified into three groups according to their efficacy or method of manufacture: • Live virus vaccine: Live virus, completely capable of producing disease & transmitting to any susceptible birds. • Attenuated vaccine: Organisms become weakened (attenuated) by various methods & produce milder form of disease(No evidence of disease). • Killed vaccine: Killed organisms, have the capacity to produce AB (delay & long lasting immunity).

  13. Parental Immunity & Vaccination • Killed vaccination after live vaccination become hyper immunization in parents body • MDA transferred to progeny, sometimes retained up to 2- 3 wks. • Some live vaccines not response in presence of MDA

  14. Stress and Vaccination • Vaccines produce a mild effect on the healthy bird • Stress can accentuate the effect • During which birds should not be vaccinated: • When the birds are “ off feed” • Periods of extremely hot weather • S.C. & clinical form of Coccidiosis & Mycoplasmosis • Vaccination reaction of other diseases • When birds are being medicated or are diseased • Following beak trimming • First few weeks of an induced molt.

  15. Vaccination Failure • Vaccine problem: • Cool chain 9. Strain not specific • Less tight bottle cork 10. Accurate dosing • Light stimulation 11. Antigen quantity • Diluent acidity or alkalinity • Mutation of live vaccine virus • Classic or standard strain not act on variant strain • Antigen virulency not suitable for field virus • If live vaccine virus killed or loss antigenic property

  16. Vaccination Failure (Cont.) • Technical or using problem: • Improper vaccination place & procedure • Not use specific vaccine in specific time • Long time vaccination after dilution • Use improper vaccination equipments

  17. Vaccination Failure (Cont.) • Birds own problem: • Vaccinate diseased birds • Deficiency of protein, vitamins & minerals • Vaccinate stressed birds • Vaccinate against disease that is present S.C. form • If bird is infested with worm or coccidia • Bird affected with immunosuppressive disease like- IBD, Reo, Marek’s, Mycotoxicosis etc.

  18. Vaccination Failure (Cont.) • Parent farm and/ or hatchery problem: • Not remove Salmonella carrier parents, Salmonella present in hatchery, DOC carry Salmonella and if vaccinate these DOC • Minimum or no MDA in omphalitis affected chicks • If parent not vaccinated two times one at 19-21wks. & 40-45 wks. With killed vaccine in vvIBD affected area • DOC from different parent flock and age

  19. Vaccination Failure (Cont.) • Feed problem: • Deficiency occur due to less quality feed • Mold & Mycotoxin and other organism in feed • Minimum knowledge of poultry farmers • Use of unwanted drug • Farm established not in scientific way, not maintain bio-security properly • Not done area basis combined vaccination program Vaccine titer and Antibody titer.

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