CHAPTER 1 INTRO. TO A&P

1. CHAPTER 1 INTRO. TO A&P

2. Intro to A&P • Anatomy – deals with form & arrangement of body parts • Physiology – deals with functions & how body parts operate

3. Levels of Organization • Living organisms are composed of different levels of organization: • Atom- particles which make up matter • Organelle- cell structures that carry on specific tasks • Cell- basic unit of structure and function • Tissue- specialized cells organized into layers or masses that have specific functions. • Organs- groups of tissues with specialized functions • Organ systems- groups of organs that function closely together • Organism- interacting organ systems make up an organism

4. Levels of Organization

5. Requirements of Living Organisms 1. Water 2. Food 3. Oxygen 4. Heat 5. Pressure

6. Water • Used in metabolic reactions- provides environment for reactions • Necessary for transport • Body temperature regulation

7. Food • Supplies energy • Supplies raw materials

8. Oxygen • Used to release energy from food in cellular respiration

9. Heat (a product of metabolism) • Determines rate of cell reactions • Most body heat is produced by the muscular system

10. Pressure (an application of force) Two types: Atmospheric–the force exerted against a surface by the weight of the air above that surface; necessary for breathing • Hydrostatic – the force exerted by a fluid; necessary for transport of blood (blood pressure)

11. Homeostasis • Definition – maintenance of a stable, balanced internal environment • Use homeostatic mechanisms: • Receptors- provide information about stimuli in the environment. • Control Center- includes a set point, tells what a particular value should be. ( ex. 98.6°F, 37°C) • Effectors- elicit a response that alter conditions to the internal environment.

12. Negative Feedback • Most use negative feedback – changes that causes responses in the opposite direction; returns the body to normal (set point) • Examples – blood pressure, body temperature, blood glucose level

14. Blood Glucose Level

15. Homeostasis - Positive Feedback • Definition – changes that cause responses in the same direction away from the normal state • Examples – blood clotting, breastfeeding, childbirth

16. Anatomical Terminology • Terms used to describe body position, body planes, etc.

17. Anatomical Position When these terms are used, it is assumed the body is in Anatomical position: • Standing • Facing forward • Arms at sides • Palms facing forward

18. Relative Position – describes the location of 1 body part w/respect to another • Superior vs. Inferior • Anterior vs. Posterior • Medial vs. Lateral • From Midline • Distal vs. Proximal • From Trunk

19. More Anatomical Positions • Contralateral vs. Ipsilateral • Deep vs. Superficial • From Surface • Peripheral

20. Body Sections – planes along which the body may be cut to observe locations of organs

21. Major Body Cavities – axial portion of body – includes two:1.Dorsal– has 2 smaller cavities: a. Cranial – includes: - Nasal - Orbital - Oral - Middle ear - Sinuses b.Vertebral-- includes s.c.

22. Major Body Cavities 2.Ventral– has 2 smaller cavities: a.Thoracic – includes: - pleural cavity – Mediastinum– the space separating the two lungs; includes: - pericardial cavity – Diaphragm– separates the thoracic from abdominal cavities b.Abdominopelvic - includes: - abdominal cavity - - pelvic cavity -

23. Body Cavities

25. Membranes • 2 types: 1. visceral – covers an organ 2. parietal – lines the cavity of the organ • Used in combination w/ terms for body cavities: • Example – visceral pleura parietal peritoneum

26. Body Membranes • Pleural Cavity- visceral and parietal pleaura • Pericardial Cavity- visceral and pariteal pericardium • Visercaral also known as Epicardium • Abdominal cavity- visceral and parietal peritoneum

27. Characteristics of Life (traits shared by all living things)- Table 1.3 in text • Movement- change in position • Responsiveness- reaction to change in environment • Growth-Increase in body size • Reproduction- formation of new organism • Respiration-releasing of energy from food through gas exchange

28. Characteristics of Life • Digestion-breakdown of food for absorption • Absorption-passage of substances into body membranes • Circulation-movement of substances • Assimilation-changing absorbed substances into different forms • Excretion-removal of wastes Together these activities constitute an living thing’s metabolism (all the chemical & physical changes that occur)

29. Organ Systems (11 total) • Integumentary system- skin and accessory organs (hair, nails and sweat glands). • Protects underlying tissue, regulates body temp and contains sensory receptors • Skeletal system- Bones, ligaments and cartilage • Provides framework and protective shields for soft tissue. • Production of blood cells • Respiratory system- Lungs, pharynx, larynx and trachea • Exchange gases between air and blood • Reproductive system- Male and female reproductive organs. • Production of new organisms • Endocrine system- Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands • Secrete hormones which trigger metabolic function

30. Organ Systems • Muscular system- Provide forces that cause movement. • Nervous System – Brain, spinal cord and nerves • Stimulates muscles to contract and activates glands • Cardiovascular System- Heart, arteries, capillaries and blood. • Transports products throughout body. • Lymphatic System-Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus and spleen • Filters blood for pathogens and removes fats from digestive tract.

31. Organ Systems • Digestive System- Mouth, teeth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines. • Converts food molecules so they can be absorbed. • Urinary system- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra • Remove waste from blood and maintain water balance

33. Review • Membranes

35. Review – Relative Positions 1. The gall bladder is _______ to the diaphragm. 2. The lungs are ______ to the heart. 3. The esophagus is ______ to the stomach. 4. The wrist is _______ to the shoulder. 5. The uterus is ______ to the ovaries. 6. The ribs are ______ to the vertebrae. 7. The esophagus is ________ to the trachea. 8. The elbow is _____ to the wrist.