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Learn about the levels of organization in living organisms, the basic requirements for life, and the concept of homeostasis in maintaining internal balance. Explore anatomical terminology, body cavities, and characteristics of life. Discover the functions of organ systems in the human body.
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Intro to A&P • Anatomy – deals with form & arrangement of body parts • Physiology – deals with functions & how body parts operate
Levels of Organization • Living organisms are composed of different levels of organization: • Atom- particles which make up matter • Organelle- cell structures that carry on specific tasks • Cell- basic unit of structure and function • Tissue- specialized cells organized into layers or masses that have specific functions. • Organs- groups of tissues with specialized functions • Organ systems- groups of organs that function closely together • Organism- interacting organ systems make up an organism
Requirements of Living Organisms 1. Water 2. Food 3. Oxygen 4. Heat 5. Pressure
Water • Used in metabolic reactions- provides environment for reactions • Necessary for transport • Body temperature regulation
Food • Supplies energy • Supplies raw materials
Oxygen • Used to release energy from food in cellular respiration
Heat (a product of metabolism) • Determines rate of cell reactions • Most body heat is produced by the muscular system
Pressure (an application of force) Two types: Atmospheric–the force exerted against a surface by the weight of the air above that surface; necessary for breathing • Hydrostatic – the force exerted by a fluid; necessary for transport of blood (blood pressure)
Homeostasis • Definition – maintenance of a stable, balanced internal environment • Use homeostatic mechanisms: • Receptors- provide information about stimuli in the environment. • Control Center- includes a set point, tells what a particular value should be. ( ex. 98.6°F, 37°C) • Effectors- elicit a response that alter conditions to the internal environment.
Negative Feedback • Most use negative feedback – changes that causes responses in the opposite direction; returns the body to normal (set point) • Examples – blood pressure, body temperature, blood glucose level
Homeostasis - Positive Feedback • Definition – changes that cause responses in the same direction away from the normal state • Examples – blood clotting, breastfeeding, childbirth
Anatomical Terminology • Terms used to describe body position, body planes, etc.
Anatomical Position When these terms are used, it is assumed the body is in Anatomical position: • Standing • Facing forward • Arms at sides • Palms facing forward
Relative Position – describes the location of 1 body part w/respect to another • Superior vs. Inferior • Anterior vs. Posterior • Medial vs. Lateral • From Midline • Distal vs. Proximal • From Trunk
More Anatomical Positions • Contralateral vs. Ipsilateral • Deep vs. Superficial • From Surface • Peripheral
Body Sections – planes along which the body may be cut to observe locations of organs
Major Body Cavities – axial portion of body – includes two:1.Dorsal– has 2 smaller cavities: a. Cranial – includes: - Nasal - Orbital - Oral - Middle ear - Sinuses b.Vertebral-- includes s.c.
Major Body Cavities 2.Ventral– has 2 smaller cavities: a.Thoracic – includes: - pleural cavity – Mediastinum– the space separating the two lungs; includes: - pericardial cavity – Diaphragm– separates the thoracic from abdominal cavities b.Abdominopelvic - includes: - abdominal cavity - - pelvic cavity -
Membranes • 2 types: 1. visceral – covers an organ 2. parietal – lines the cavity of the organ • Used in combination w/ terms for body cavities: • Example – visceral pleura parietal peritoneum
Body Membranes • Pleural Cavity- visceral and parietal pleaura • Pericardial Cavity- visceral and pariteal pericardium • Visercaral also known as Epicardium • Abdominal cavity- visceral and parietal peritoneum
Characteristics of Life (traits shared by all living things)- Table 1.3 in text • Movement- change in position • Responsiveness- reaction to change in environment • Growth-Increase in body size • Reproduction- formation of new organism • Respiration-releasing of energy from food through gas exchange
Characteristics of Life • Digestion-breakdown of food for absorption • Absorption-passage of substances into body membranes • Circulation-movement of substances • Assimilation-changing absorbed substances into different forms • Excretion-removal of wastes Together these activities constitute an living thing’s metabolism (all the chemical & physical changes that occur)
Organ Systems (11 total) • Integumentary system- skin and accessory organs (hair, nails and sweat glands). • Protects underlying tissue, regulates body temp and contains sensory receptors • Skeletal system- Bones, ligaments and cartilage • Provides framework and protective shields for soft tissue. • Production of blood cells • Respiratory system- Lungs, pharynx, larynx and trachea • Exchange gases between air and blood • Reproductive system- Male and female reproductive organs. • Production of new organisms • Endocrine system- Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands • Secrete hormones which trigger metabolic function
Organ Systems • Muscular system- Provide forces that cause movement. • Nervous System – Brain, spinal cord and nerves • Stimulates muscles to contract and activates glands • Cardiovascular System- Heart, arteries, capillaries and blood. • Transports products throughout body. • Lymphatic System-Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus and spleen • Filters blood for pathogens and removes fats from digestive tract.
Organ Systems • Digestive System- Mouth, teeth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines. • Converts food molecules so they can be absorbed. • Urinary system- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra • Remove waste from blood and maintain water balance
Review • Membranes
Review – Relative Positions 1. The gall bladder is _______ to the diaphragm. 2. The lungs are ______ to the heart. 3. The esophagus is ______ to the stomach. 4. The wrist is _______ to the shoulder. 5. The uterus is ______ to the ovaries. 6. The ribs are ______ to the vertebrae. 7. The esophagus is ________ to the trachea. 8. The elbow is _____ to the wrist.