Inference and Drawing Conclusions

1. Inference and Drawing Conclusions Launch Activities Haines City High School Creator: Charles Wynne

2. Watch the video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2m1Nubw8XJw (ten minute clip) Answer the questions below: • Why is this video clip funny? • What happens to Lucy in this clip? • What do you think is in Vitameatavegamin they don’t advertise? • What time period do you think this takes place in and why?

3. Inference and Drawing Conclusions Acquisition Haines City High School Creator: Charles Wynne

4. Essential Vocabulary • Inference – to infer is to ‘read between the lines’ of the text, meaning you have to think BEYOND the text and use your prior knowledge to draw conclusions. • Prediction – To predict is to make an educated guess as to what is going to happen next, be discussed next, or what the effects of the literature may be. Active readers predict as they read. • Foreshadowing – author’s usually leave a ‘blue print’ for the reader to make predictions and inferences; foreshadowing is when the author hints at what is going to happen, making it easier to infer and predict.

5. Background Knowledge (schema) Making Connections Questioning Inference Drawing Conclusions Predictions Analysis of Text: Interpretation/ Judgment Imagination/ Visualization Elkhart Community Schools

6. Inferring through ~ Questioning “Questioning and inferring work in tandem to enhance understanding of text.” ~ Harvey & Goudvis Authors of Strategies That Work Elkhart Community Schools

7. Inferring through ~ Making Connections Readers are able to think inferentially when they connect their background of information, ideas, and experiences with the text. Elkhart Community Schools

8. Inferring through ~ Background Knowledge It is important for the reader to have background knowledge about a text they are reading if they are expected to read inferentially. Elkhart Community Schools

9. Inferring through ~ Background Knowledge Word Clues + Experience Inference Elkhart Community Schools

10. Inferring through ~ Predictions Predicting is related to inferring - - - BUT what’s the difference? Elkhart Community Schools

11. Inferring through ~ Imagination/Visualization “When you read, you use all your senses. You see things in your ‘mind’s eye’ and hear the sounds you connect to that about which you are reading.” ~ Guided Reading the Four Blocks Way Elkhart Community Schools

12. Inferring through ~ Imagination/Visualization “Proficient readers use images to draw conclusions, to create distinct and unique interpretations of the text, to recall details significant to the text, and to recall a text after it has been read.” ~ Ellin Keene Elkhart Community Schools

13. Inferring through ~ Analysis of Text: Interpretation/Judgment “Inferring is the process of taking that which is stated in text and extrapolating it to one’s life to create a wholly original interpretation that, in turn, becomes part of one’s beliefs or knowledge.” ~ Ellin Keene Elkhart Community Schools

14. Inferring through ~ Drawing Conclusions “Proficient readers make connections between conclusions they draw and other beliefs or knowledge.” ~ Ellin Keene Elkhart Community Schools

15. Inferring All the processes work together. Each works in concert with the others to aid the reader in comprehending text. Elkhart Community Schools

16. SIGNAL WORDS • Infer • Assume • Ascertain • Believe • Induce • Deduce • Suppose • Speculate • Surmise • Interpret • Imply (implication) • Derive • Draw • Conjecture

18. Steps to Answering an Inference Question 1. Consider each of the distracters and look for evidence to either support it or reject it in these areas --the text itself (most important) --your own experience --your own logic 2.  Exclude any distracters that are not logical 3. Choose the distracter that requires the shortest leap of logic.

19. Answer the questions based on the photo • What can you infer from this photograph? • Why does it seem probable that this person is not being seriously injured ? • Based on the photo, what might you infer about why is person is covered in bugs?

20. Answer the questions below about the photo. • What emotion(s) is she feeling • Why is she feeling this way? • Who caused this or what caused this? • Etc.

21. Answer the questions below • What kind of relationship do the people in the photograph have? How do you know? • Based on the photograph, what can we assume about the nature of the discussion? • Based on the photograph, what is the probable reason for the woman’s upset?

22. Answer the questions using the political cartoon below. • Why is this cartoon funny? • What can you assume about the artist/creator’s opinion about environment based on the commentary in the cartoon?

23. What is happening in the passage? And is the picture appropriate? Why or why not? My father lies black and hushed Beneath white hospital sheets He collapsed at work His iron left him Slow and quiet he sank

24. Science - Read the article Bionic Cat Gets Artificial Paws Oscar the cat may have lost one of his nine lives, but his new prosthetic paws make him one of the world's few bionic cats. After losing his two rear paws in a nasty encounter with a combine harvester last October, the black cat with green eyes was outfitted with metallic pegs that link the ankles to new prosthetic feet and mimic the way deer antlers grow through skin. Oscar is now back on his feet and hopping over hurdles like tissue paper rolls. Together with biomedical engineering experts, Fitzpatrick gave Oscar two metal prosthetic implants, or pegs. Those were attached to custom-built faux paws that are a bit wobbly, to imitate a cat's natural walk. But first, he covered the brown implants with black tape to match Oscar's fur.

25. Multiple Choice Question • Based on the article, the word bionic probably means: A. Something with human parts. B. Something with biological and mechanical parts. C. Something with only mechanical parts. D. Something with unnatural elements or parts. Write down the answer AND your reasoning behind it. You MAY NOT use a dictionary!!!

26. Answer • Based on the article, the word bionic probably means: A. Something with human parts. B. Something with biological and mechanical parts. C. Something with only mechanical parts. D. Something with unnatural elements or parts.

27. Historical Women in Math 1956 Gloria Ford Gilmer was the first African American woman to publish a non-Ph.D. mathematics thesis research paper. Had she not halted her graduate school program at the University of Wisconsin for marriage, she would have been the fourth African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in Mathematics. Some years later, she earned a Doctorate in Curriculum Instruction. However, during her entire career she has been a major force and an instrumental figure for the advancement of African Americans in the Mathematical Community.

28. Short Answer Question • What is the most-likely reason that Gloria Ford Gilmer got a Doctoral degree in Curriculum Instruction but not in Mathematics?

29. Social Studies – Read the article Quran doesn’t call for stoning, experts insist International outcry - and the pleas of a devoted son - seem to have saved an Iranian woman from being stoned to death for adultery. But while SakinehMohammedieAshitani has been granted a reprieve, she is not the only woman sentenced to be stoned for adultery in Iran. There have been at least six sentences carried out since 2006, says Ann Harrison, an Iran expert at Amnesty International in London. Adultery is the only crime that carries such a penalty in Iranian law, she said. Only a handful of countries have laws calling for stoning, and Iran is the only one that carries out executions that way, Amnesty International records suggest. That is because Islam doesn't really want the punishment to be carried out, says Ziba Mir-Hosseini, an Iranian-born campaigner against the practice.

30. Multiple Choice Question • Based on the information in the article, what can we assume the author means by the phrase, “Adultery is the only crime that carries such a penalty in Iranian law, she said?” • That the punishment is not harsh enough. • That adultery is the only crime problem in Iran. • That even murderers are not tortured as much as adulterers. • That few women commit adultery in Iran. • A and B • C and D • None of the above

31. Multiple Choice Question ANSWER • Based on the information in the article, what can we assume the author means by the phrase, “Adultery is the only crime that carries such a penalty in Iranian law, she said?” • That the punishment is not harsh enough. • That adultery is the only crime problem in Iran. • That even murderers are not tortured as much as adulterers. • That few women commit adultery in Iran. • A and B • C and D • None of the above

32. Multiple Choice Question • Based on the article, what is the author’s point of view? • Iranian women deserve to be stoned to death for committing adulterous acts against their husbands. • Male adulterers are not punished as badly as female adulterers in Iran. • Iran is one of the few places where a stoning law is still in effect for adultery crimes. • No one deserves this type of punishment.

33. English – Read the excerpt below. It is a Friday, market day. My mother, my father, and me, we cross into Dajabon, the first Dominican town across the river. My mother wants to buy cooking pots made by a Haitian pot maker named Moy who lives there, the best pot maker in the area. There is a gleam to Moy's pots that makes you think you are getting a gem. They never darken even after they have been used on outdoor cooking fires for years. In the afternoon, as we set out to wade across the river again with our two new shiny pots, it starts to rain in the mountains, far upstream. The air is heavy and moist; a wide rainbow arc creeps away from the sky, dark rain clouds moving in to take its place.

34. Short Answer Questions • What is the narrator’s attitude towards the changing weather? How did you make this determination? • What type of climate does the narrator live in? How do you know this? • What can you infer about Moy’s pots? What makes them special? • What can you predict will happen next?

35. Read the excerpt of “Verses upon the Burning of our House” by Anne Bradstreet In silent night when rest I took,For sorrow near I did not look,I waken'd was with thund'ring noiseAnd piteous shrieks of dreadful voice.That fearful sound of "fire" and "fire,"Let no man know is my Desire.I starting up, the light did spy,And to my God my heart did cryTo straighten me in my DistressAnd not to leave me succourless.

36. Multiple Choice Questions • During which time period would it appear the poet lived? A. 300 – 100 B.C. B. 1600 – 1700 A.D. C. 1950 – 1970 A.D. D. 2001 - present • Based on the context, what can we assume the word piteous means? A. Pathetic B. Depressed C. Ecstatic D. Sorrowful • Based on the context, what meaning does the poet intend to convey in using the word succourless? A. Helpless B. Pathetic C. Hopeful D. Dreaded

37. Answers • During which time period would it appear the poet lived? A. 300 – 100 B.C. B. 1600 – 1700 A.D. C. 1950 – 1970 A.D. D. 2001 - present • Based on the context, what can we assume the word piteous means? A. Pathetic B. Depressed C. Ecstatic D. Sorrowful • Based on the context, what meaning does the poet intend to convey in using the word succourless? A. Helpless B. Pathetic C. Hopeful D. Dreaded

38. Inference and Drawing Conclusions Extending and Refining Haines City High School Creator: Charles Wynne

39. Review Several of the Brain Boosters Critical Thinking Activities • http://school.discoveryeducation.com/brainboosters/ • THEN: Write your own Brain Booster activity and have a friend take it to see if they can come up with the right answer.