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SPIN-OFFS OF NUCLEAR AND SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS Ugo Amaldi

SPIN-OFFS OF NUCLEAR AND SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS Ugo Amaldi University of Milano Bicocca and TERA Foundation. USABLE KNOWLEDGE. PEOPLE. SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY. TECHNOLOGIES. METHODS. example. time to application. X-rays. 0.2 years. nuclear fission positron. 3 years. 50 years.

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SPIN-OFFS OF NUCLEAR AND SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS Ugo Amaldi

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  1. SPIN-OFFS OF NUCLEAR AND SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS Ugo Amaldi University of Milano Bicocca and TERA Foundation

  2. USABLE KNOWLEDGE PEOPLE SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY TECHNOLOGIES METHODS

  3. example time to application X-rays 0.2 years nuclear fission positron 3 years 50 years antiproton(1) > 50 years -induced fusion(2) ¥ (?) 1. USABLE KNOWLEDGE (1) antiproton18th May 1999 - NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntville : "We are experimenting with laser propulsion and antimatter as viable options for space travels". (2) -induced (p+d) fissionL. Alvarez: "For a few days we thought we had solved all the fuel problems of mankind for the rest of time“ (1956).

  4. Computer Tomography

  5. 1. 1 Standard Model based Applications "Neutrino explorations of the earth" - 1983 A. de Rújula, S.L. Glashow, R.R. Wilson and G. Charpak. GEOTRON= 10 TeV protonsynchrotron GENIUS= Geological Explorations By Neutrino-Induced Underground Sounds GEMINI = Geological Exploration by Muons Induced by Neutrino Interactions GEOSCAN = Scanner for Measuring the density profile of the Earth

  6. 1. 2 Energy Production linked to Physics beyond the SM “Monopolecatalysed proton decay” “Non-topological stable solutions with a global baryon number” “Long-lived charged particles which could catalyse fusion”

  7. 2. PEOPLE Scientists and engineers are interesting to other fields of science and to companies because of · analytical thought and systematic approach · experience in designing and carrying out complex projects · habit of documenting and presenting own work · experience in working in international teams at the edge of knowledge · their knowledge Three groups of people · Students · Senior scientists

  8. 2. 1 Students ·         In the USA and in Europe students have different attitudes towards creating their own company University of San Diego92 % want it Switzerland 8% want it ·         States supporting technological theses at CERN Austria, France, Israel, Italy, Japan, Spain, Sweden ·          300 PhD experimental theses/year based on CERN data A large fraction goes to industry -DELPHI enquiry

  9. DIPLOMA AND PhD STUDENTS AT THE DELPHI COLLABORATION –CERN/1 [T. Camporesi]

  10. DIPLOMA AND PhD STUDENTS AT THE DELPHI COLLABORATION –CERN/2 [T. Camporesi]

  11. 2. 2 Senior Scientists • I. ten Have,PHILIPS product manager for medical imaging: • "After working as CERN staff for a number of years, the word impossible is no longer part of your vocabulary". • CERN policy: • “In 1999 the Finance Committee adopted the policy proposed by the new Management (protection of intellectual property and education to young scientists). The new measures will encourage the establishment of firms in Member States by young scientists leaving the Laboratory at the end of their first employment". • Examples: • Hendrick CASIMIR Richard GARWIN Carlo RUBBIA

  12. 3. METHODS Better technologies and better methods (always mixed) are continuously required In subnuclear physics Heisenberg indetermination: cross-sections decrease as 1/E2 Luminosities and data acquisition rates have to increase with less EUROS/GeV More spin-offs to society

  13. WWW = Internet + Hypertext Montecarlo Simulations of complex processes X-ray treatment planning Handling of large amount of data Large-Hadron-Collider-Computing Grid = LCG

  14. 4. TECHNOLOGIES • 4. 1 Spin-offs of a particular technology • electromechanical engineering • mechanical engineering • material science • RF and microwave engineering • geodesy • superconductivity • cryogenic technologies • ultra high vacuum • radiation detection • electronics • computer systems • data networks

  15. THIN FILM COATINGS ACTING AS A NON-EVAPORABLE GETTER C. Benvenuti EPS – IGA award, 1998 Ultra-high vacuum NEG = Non Evaporable Getters LEP SC cavities

  16. radiation detectors Collimation system Detection system Acquisition boards: RS232, DAQ board • Integrated Mammography Imaging =IMI GaAs: 64 x 64 pixels of 170 x 170 m2 by MEDIPIX Coll. (A. Stefanini et al) with AMS, LABEN,CAEN. GILARDONI, Pol.HI.TECH

  17. 4. 2 Spin-offs of integrated systems • Synchrotron radiation sources • X-ray FEL • Neutron Sources • Ion sources for implantation • Accelerators for sterilisation • Accelerators for art applications • Accelerators for isotope production • Inertial fusion by bombardement of pellets • Waste incineration • Production of medical isotopes • Radiotherapy with X-rays • Hadrontherapy

  18. • X-ray FEL Electron beam energy : 15 - 50 GeV frequency :5 hz bunch charge : 1 nC bunch length :80 fs macro bunch : 11315 bunches DESY Hamburg

  19. • Ion sources for implantation VARIAN SEMICONDUCTOR EQUIPMENT EHPi-500 5 - 260 keV (X+) DC Tandetron accelerator

  20. • Accelerators for sterilisation IBA RHODOTRON Rhodotron by Ion Beam Applications (IBA)

  21. • Accelerators for art applications

  22. • Accelerators for isotope production EBCO30: 30 MeV protons up to 2 mA AccSys PULSAR: 7 MeV protons

  23. ADVANTAGES OF 67 Cu produced by 68 67 Zn (p, 2p) Cu with 72 MeV protons: g 0.185 MeV emission for imaging 0.57 MeV ß emission for therapy (max range = 2.2 mm ; mean = 0.2 mm) T = 2.6 days ½ phys 64 Matched pair with the Cu PET nuclide • Accelerators for isotope production / 3 Tumour targetting with ß-emitters (B. Novak, PSI + M. Bishop/A. Parkers, Nottingham)

  24. • Waste incineration Adiabatic Resonance Crossing

  25. • Conformal radiotherapy with X-rays

  26. • Hadrontherapy

  27. IMRT vs protons Between the eyes Abdomen Brain

  28. Potential patients X-ray therapy (photons of 5 – 20 MeV) 20'000 pts/year every 10 million inhabitants Protontherapy Category A: 1% of X-ray patients = 200 pts/year every 10 M Category B: 10% of X-ray patients = 2'000 pts/year every 10 M Therapy with Carbon ions for radioresistant tumours 10% of X-ray patients = 2'000 pts/year every 10 M

  29. NORTHEAST PROTON THERAPY CENTER NPTC of Mas General Hospital Boston (2001) protons ( 235 MeV) cyclotron (IBA) 2 gantries + 2 fixed beams Midwest Proton Radiaton Institute Bloomington (IN) (2003) protons ( 210 MeV) from cyclotron 1 gantry + 1 fixed beam + 1 experimental LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY CENTER Los Angeles (1992) protons ( 250 MeV) from synchrotron 3 gantries + 2 fixed beams M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston (TX) (2004) protons ( 235 MeV) from cyclotron 3 gantries + 1 fixed beam + 1 experimental Hadrontherapy in the world

  30. TSUKUBA CENTRE Ibaraki (2001) protons ( 270 MeV) synchrotron (Hitachi) 2 gantries 2 beam for research WAKASA BAY PROJECT by Wakasa-Bay Energy Research Center Fukui (2002) protons ( 200 MeV) synchrotron (Hitachi) 1 h beam + 1 v beam + 1 gantry KASHIWA CENTER Chiba (1998) protons ( 235 MeV) cyclotron (IBA – SHI) 2 Gantries + 1 hor. beam HYOGO MED CENTRE Hyogo (2001) protons ( 230 MeV) - He and C ions ( 320 MeV/u) Mitsubishi synchrotron 2 p gantries + 2 fixed p beam + 2 ion rooms HEAVY ION MEDICAL ACCELERATOR HIMAC of NIRS (1995) He and C ( 430 MeV/u) 2 synchrotrons 2 h beams + 2 v beams SHIZUOKA FACILITY Shizuoka (2002) protons cyclotron or synchrotron 2 gantries + 1 h beam Hadrontherapy in the world

  31. PIMMS (Proton-Ions Medical Machine Study) Period: 1996-1999 CERN-GSI-MedAUSTRON-Oncology2000-TERA PL: P. Bryant (CERN+experts) TERA: 25 manyrs MedA.: 10 manyrs O2000: 3 manyrs GSI: experts advices Objective: define the optimal hadrontherapy centre without constraints

  32. CNACentro Nazionale di Adroterapia Site announced by the Government on 20.1.03 Pavia close to San Matteo and belonging to the Town State Budget Law 23.12.00 : CNAO Foundation: Polyclinics of Milan and Pave, National Neurological Institute, European Institute of Oncology, National Institute of Tumours, TERA 10,3 MEuro in 2001 State Budget Law 23.12.02: 5.0 MEuro in 2003, 10 MEuro in 2004 and 10 MEuro in 2005 CARIPLO Foundation: 5.0 MEuroTotal 40 MEuro

  33. RFQ+linac by GSI (Darmstadt) Compact lines design High technology designed by TERA ready in september 2003 PIMMS/TERA Ring Collaborations: CERN GSI (Darmstadt) INFN LNF INFN LNS INFN Sez. To e Ge IN2P3

  34. 5 Italian National Centre in Pavia of the CNAO Foundation First patient: October 2007 4 3 2 1

  35. CATEGORY NUMBER IN USE Accelerators in non-nuclear research ~ 7000 Accelerators in industry > 1500 ~ 1000 Radiotherapy > 5000 Medical radioisotope production ~ 200 Hadrontherapy ~ 20 Synchrotron radiation sources ~ 70 NP and HEP research accelerators ~ 110 TOTAL ~ 15000 Accelerators in the world ENERGY }55% Ion implanters and surface modification }35% Data from W.H. Scharf and collaborators [W.H. Scharf and W. Wieszczycka, 1998 – Updated by the authors for this Conference]

  36. 4. 3 The paths for technological transfers 1. Spill-over of technological knowledge 2. Transfer through procurement 3. Transfer through joint development projects Japanese physicists are very good at this

  37. Transfer through procurement • Four studies have been performed of the • economic utility = increased turnover + cost savings resulting from high-tech contracts • CERN 1 economic utility =3 1975 • CERN 2 economic utility =3.0 1985 • ESA 1 economic utility = 2.9 1983 • ESA 2 economic utility = 3.2 1990

  38. Transfer through joint development projects • Reasons for an industry in a joint project • • gains in technological know-how for new products • • expectation of later orders • • acquisition of improved manufacturing technology • • prospects of new markets • Example : • ANSALDO Superconduttori (Genova) • magneti superconduttori per LHC (2007)_

  39. Four streams of spin-offs • by knowledgefuture is linked to the existence of new stable particles and/or entities • by peoplestudents • research scientists • senior scientists • by methods • by technologiesparticular technologies or integrated systemsthrough spill-over of technological knowledge • through procurement • through joint development projects Summary

  40. SCIENTIFIC CULTURE WETWARE USABLE KNOWLEDGE PEOPLE TECHNOLOGIES METHODS SOFTWARE HARDWARE SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY SUMMARY

  41. 15-O 11-C 11-C 11-C 11-C 11-C 13-N 13-N 13-N 13-N 13-N 15-O 15-O 15-O 15-O 15-O 18-F 18-F 18-F 18-F 18-F 64-Cu 64-Cu 64-Cu 64-Cu PET 86-Y 86-Y 120-I 120-I SPECT 123-I 123-I Radioisotopes produced with accelerators (mainly cyclotrons) are about 20 % of the overall production 124-I 124-I 67-Ga 81-Rb 111-In 201-Tl others • Accelerators for isotope production / 2 ISOTOPES AVAILABLE

  42. converters ions ions D and T pellet • Inertial fusion by bombardement of pellets

  43. The time tree of the accelerators LINAC [ Modified from K. Bethge, Nuclear Physics News 1999]

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