Computer History

1. Computer History Narjes Dolatkhah Per:2 September20.2012

2. Describe 5 pieces of hard ware to save files on a PC and MAC • Save on a CD • Save on a Hard disk • Save on a USB • Save on a Flash disk • Save on a Floppy disk

3. Describe what the 3 types of software • Application software -------------- • Computer program tools • System software: (operating system)

4. Describe 5 pieces of hard ware and what they do • Motherboard --------------------------------------------------------------- Is a printed circuit board (PCB) found in all modern computers which holds many of the crucial Components of the system. • Keyboard ------------------------------------ Your Keyboard is the primary Way you can enter information into your Computer. You can type, enter numbers And ets… • Monitor------- A monitor or display in an Electronic display for computer. • Audio ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- refers to an additional narration track for blind and visually impaired consumers of visual media • Pc case---------------------------------------- A computer casa in the enclosure that Contains most of the components of a Computer.

5. Describe 5 more pieces of hardware and what they do • Hard disk drive (HDD) ------------------------------------------ Is a device for storing and retrieving digital information, primarily Computer data. • Computer disk drive (CDD) In computing, an optical disc drive (ODD) is a -------------------------------- Disk drive that uses laser light or electro magnetic. • CUP ------------------ The central processing unit is the Is the hardware within a computer System. • Memory Memory stores program or information. -------- Memory can be described as short-term as in Ram. • Mouse A mouse is an external computer hardware device that allows user to control the Motion of a computer cursor and select object on the screen by moving clicking the device. --------------------------------------------------------

6. List 10 important events in computer history, from 1936 to • 1936: Konrad Zuse - Z1 Computer, First freely programmable computer. • 1942: John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry, ABC Computer Who was first in the computing biz is not always as easy as ABC. • 1944: Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper, Harvard Mark I Computer The Harvard Mark 1 computer. • 1946: John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly, ENIAC 1 Computer 20,000 vacuum tubes later... • 1948: Frederic Williams & Tom Kilburn, Manchester Baby Computer & The Williams Tube Baby and the Williams Tube turn on the memories. • 1947/48: John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & Wiliam Shockley, The Transistor No, a transistor is not a computer, but this invention greatly affected the history of computers. • 1951: John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly, UNIVAC Computer First commercial computer & able to pick presidential winners. • 1953: International Business Machines , IBM 701 EDPM Computer IBM enters into 'The History of Computers'. • 1954: John Backus & IBM, FORTRAN Computer Programming Language, The first successful high level programming language. • 1955: (In Use 1959) Stanford Research Institute, Bank of America, and General Electric ERMA and MICR The first bank industry computer - also MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) for reading checks.

7. Define all 10 measurement terms (+ RAM) • Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage. A random-access device allows stored data to be accessed in very nearly the same amount of time for any storage location, so data can be accessed quickly in any random order. 

8. First PC? who made it and how? • IBM introduced the first personal computer called the IBM PC in 1981. The computer was code named and still sometimes referred to as the Acorn and had a 8088 processor, 16 KB of memory, which was expandable to 256 and utilizing MS-DOS.

9. First Laptop? who made it and how? The laptop was invented by Adam Osborne in 1982, it was called 'Osborne 1' and cost $1.795. It had a tiny computer screen built into it. It was invented by Osborne.

10. What is a virus, worm, and trojan horse? • Worms are very similar to viruses in that they are computer programs that replicate functional copies of themselves (usually to other computer systems via network connections) and often, but not always, contain some functionality that will interfere with the normal use of a computer or a program. Unlike viruses, however, worms exist as separate entities; they do not attach themselves to other files or programs. Because of their similarity to viruses, worms also are often referred to as viruses. Trojan horses: A Trojan horse is a program that does something undocumented which the programmer intended, but that users would not accept if they knew about it. By some definitions, a virus is a particular case of a Trojan horse, namely, one which is able to spread to other programs (i.e., it turns them into Trojans too). According to others, a virus that does not do any deliberate damage (other than merely replicating) is not a Trojan. Finally, despite the definitions, many people use the term "Trojan" to refer only to a non-replicating malicious program. a computer virus is "a computer program usually hidden within another seemingly innocuous program that produces copies of itself and inserts them into other programs or files, and that usually performs a malicious action (such as destroying data)". Computer viruses are never naturally occurring; they are always man-made. Once created and released, however, their spread is not directly under human control.

11. List the 5 major computer companies and their famous founders 1-IBM: International Business Machines Corporation is an American multinational consulting and technology corporation. It was founded in June, 1911 in Endicott, New York and is now headquartered in Armork, New York. It sells computer software and hardware and offers hosting and hardware and offers hosting and services for nanotechnology to mainframe computers. 2- HP: Hewlett-Packard Company, most commonly referred as HP, is American multinational IT Corporation. Its headquarters is in California, USA. At first this company was started in garage of Palo Alto by Dave Packard and Bill Hewlett with an initial investment of $538 which is now world’s one of largest IT companies. HP was incorporated on 1947 and went public on 1957 HP is mainly specialize in manufacturing anddeveloping computers, networking hardware, data storage, delivering services and designing software.

12. List the 5 major computer companies and their famous founders 3- Apple: There are very few companies which are as large as Apple. It has the most valuable technologies and is under the Microsoft Company. Apple was established on 1976 in California and incorporated on 1977. Before the year 2007 its name was Apple Computer Inc. On January 9 of that year, the word “Computer” was removed. During September 2010, this company had full time employees of 46,600 and temporary full time employees of 2,800. Apple’s annual sales were $65.23 billion that year. 4-Dell: Dell Inc. is American multinational IT Corporation in the Round Rock, Texas, US. Dell was named by the founder of this company, Michael Dell. It is one of the biggest technological corporations of the world. It manufactures, develops and sells computer and computer related products. 5-Acer: Acer Incorporated is a multinational IT and electronics corporation. It has its headquarters in Xizhi, New Taipei City, Taiwan. Acer produces products like desktops, laptops, tablet computers, servers, personal digital assistants, storage device, smartphones and displays.

13. Computer in the future • The Future of Computers: Home Computers Steve Jobs and Bill Gates were both instrumental in bringing the computer down to size. With the introduction of the personal computer and its widespread acceptance, computers shrunk while processing power increased. Even the bulky CRT monitors got a makeover with flat LCD monitors now the norm. In addition, costs have fallen so much over the years that many households own several personal computers and wireless networks. Future technology won't necessarily render the home PC obsolete, but it will change it. For example, modern televisions and appliances are now Web-enabled. Expect future technology to blend appliances into the home network. • The Future of Computers: Laptops, Notebooks, and Ultra books First there were laptops, then there were notebooks, and now there are "ultra books." These mobile devices share several characteristics including the integrated folding design and portability. Differences include size and storage (laptops use hard disks, notebooks rely more heavily on the cloud, and ultra books use Flash memory). Despite their similarities and differences, future computer trends point to a lesser reliance on keyboards which could potentially render this category obsolete. • The Future of Computers: Tablets Apple's iPad has significantly influenced future computer trends. It was soon followed by a flood of tablets. With small sizes, simple designs, extreme portability, Internet access, thousands of apps, and loads of features, tablets can do just about anything a full-size desktop or laptop can do. They fall short in the keyboard arena, but again, that may be about to change.

14. List 6 website I used • www.ircheip.org • www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gigabyte • www.alltop10list.com/top-10-list-of-computer-manufaecures • www.blinkenlights.com • www.pc-history.org • www.cbtplant.com