Expenses Outflows of resources incurred in generating revenues.

Income from Continuing Operations Revenues Inflows of resources resulting from providing goods or services to customers. Expenses Outflows of resources incurred in generating revenues. Gains and Losses Increases or decreases in equity from peripheral or incidental transactions of an entity. Income Tax Expense Because of its importance and size, income tax expense is a separate item.

Operating versus Nonoperating Income Operating Income Nonoperating Income Includes gains and losses and revenues and expenses related to peripheral or incidental activities of the company Includes revenues and expenses directly related to the principal revenue-generating activities of the company

Proper Heading Revenues & Gains Expenses & Losses Income Statement (Single-Step)

Gross Profit Operating Expenses Non- operating Items Income Statement (Multiple-Step) Proper Heading

U. S. GAAP vs. IFRS There are more similarities than differences between income statements prepared according to U.S. GAAP and those prepared applying IFRS. Some differences are highlighted below. Specifies certain minimum information to be reported on the face of the income statement. Allows expenses classified by function or natural description. “Bottom line” called profit or loss. Prohibits reporting extraordinary items. • Has no minimum requirements. SEC requires that expenses be classified by function. • “Bottom line” called net income or net loss. • Report extraordinary items separately.

Earnings Quality Earnings quality refers to the ability of reported earnings to predict a company’s future earnings. Transitory Earnings versus Permanent Earnings

Manipulating Income and Income Smoothing “Most executives prefer to report earnings that follow a smooth, regular, upward path.” ~Ford S. Worthy, “Manipulating Profits: How It’s Done”, Fortune • Two ways to manipulate income: • Income shifting • Income statement classification

Goodwill Impairment and Long-lived Asset Impairment Involves asset impairment losses or charges. Operating Income and Earnings Quality Restructuring Costs Costs associated with shutdown or relocation of facilities or downsizing of operations are recognized in the period incurred.

Nonoperating Income and Earnings Quality Gains and losses generated from the sale of investments often can significantly inflate or deflate current earnings. How should those gains be interpreted in terms of their relationship to future earnings? Are they transitory or permanent? ExampleAs the stock market boom reached its height late in the year 2000, many companies recorded large gains from sale of investments that had appreciated significantly in value.

Separately Reported Items Reported separately, net of taxes: Discontinued operations Extraordinary items A third separately reported item, the cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle, might be included for certain mandated changes in accounting principles.

Intraperiod Income Tax Allocation Income Tax Expense must be associated with each component of income that causes it. Show Income Tax Expense related to Income from Continuing Operations. Report effects of Discontinued Operations and Extraordinary Items net of related income tax effect.

Reporting Discontinued Operations The FASB and IASB worked together to develop a common definition of discontinued operations and a common set of disclosures for disposals of components of an entity. A “component” of an entity for this purpose is defined as either: An operating segment that has either been disposed of or is classified as “held for sale”; or A business that meets the criteria to be classified as held for sale on acquisition.

Reporting for Components Sold Operating income or loss of the component from the beginning of the reporting period to the disposal date. Gain or loss on the disposal of the component’s assets. Reporting for Components Held For Sale Operating income or loss of the component from the beginning of the reporting period to the end of the reporting period. An “impairment loss” if the carrying value of the assets of the component is more than the fair value minus cost to sell. Reporting Discontinued Operations

Extraordinary Items An extraordinary item is a material event or transaction that is both: • Unusual in nature, and • Infrequent in occurrence Extraordinary items are reported net of related taxes

U. S. GAAP vs. IFRS The scarcity of extraordinary gains and losses reported in corporate income statements and the desire to converge U.S. and international accounting standards could guide the FASB to the elimination of the extraordinary item classification. Prohibits reporting extraordinary items in the income statement or notes. • Report extraordinary items separately in the income statement.

Unusual or Infrequent Items Items that are material and are either unusual or infrequent—but not both—are included as separate items in continuing operations.

Accounting Changes

Occurs when changing from one GAAP method to another GAAP method, for example, a change from LIFO to FIFO GAAP requires that most voluntary accounting changes be accounted for retrospectively by revising prior years’ financial statements. For mandated changes in accounting principles, the FASB often allows companies to choose to account for the change retrospectively or as a separately reported item below extraordinary items. Change in Accounting Principle

Change in Depreciation, Amortization, or Depletion Method A change in depreciation, amortization, or depletion method is treated the same as a change in accounting estimate.

Change in Accounting Estimate Revision of a previous accounting estimate Use new estimate in current and future periods Includes changes in depreciation, amortization, and depletion methods

Change in Reporting Entity When one company acquires another one, the financial statements of the acquirer include the acquiree as of the date of acquisition, and the acquirer’s prior-period financial statements that are presented for comparative purposes are not restated. The prior-period financial statements that are presented for comparative purposes should be restated to appear as if the new entity existed in those periods.

Correction of Accounting Errors Errors occur when transactions are either recorded incorrectly or not recorded at all. Errors Discovered in Same Year Reverse original erroneous journal entry and record the appropriate journal entry. Record a prior period adjustment to the beginning retained earnings balance in a statement of shareholders’ equity. Material Errors Discovered in Subsequent Year Previous years’ financial statements that are incorrect as a result of the error are retrospectively restated to reflect the correction.

Basic EPS Diluted EPS Net income less preferred dividends Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period Reflects the potential dilution that could occur for companies that have certain securities outstanding that are convertible into common shares or stock options that could create additional common shares if the options were exercised. Earnings per Share Disclosure One of the most widely used ratios is earnings per share (EPS), which shows the amount of income earned by a company expressed on a per share basis.

Earnings per Share Disclosure • Report EPS data separately for: • Income or Loss from Continuing Operations • Separately Reported Items • discontinued operations • extraordinary Items • Net Income or Loss

Comprehensive Income An expanded version of income that includes four types of gains and losses that traditionally have not been included in income statements.

Other Comprehensive Income Comprehensive income includes traditional net income as well as four additional gains and losses that change shareholders’ equity. • Net unrealized holding gains (losses) from investments (net of tax). • Gains and losses due to reviewing assumptions or market returns differing from expectations and prior service cost from amending the postretirement benefit plan. • When a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge is adjusted to fair value, the gain or loss is deferred as a component of comprehensive income and included in earnings later, at the same time as earnings are affected by the hedged transaction. • Gains or losses from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The amount could be an addition to or reduction in shareholders’ equity. (This item is discussed elsewhere in your accounting curriculum).

U. S. GAAP vs. IFRS As part of a joint project with the FASB, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in 2007 issued a new version of IAS No. 146 that revised the standard to bring international reporting of comprehensive income largely in line with U.S. standards. Includes same four. Includes a fifth possible item, changes in revaluation surplus, from the optional revaluation of property, plant, and equipment and intangible assets. • Includes four possible Other Comprehensive Income items.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income In addition to reporting comprehensive income that occurs in the current period, we must also report these amounts on a cumulative basis in the balance sheet as an additional component of shareholders’ equity.

Provides relevant information about a company’s cash receipts and cash disbursements. Helps investors and creditors to assess future net cash flows liquidity long-term solvency. Required for each income statement period reported. The Statement of Cash Flows

Inflowsfrom: • sales to customers. • interest and dividends received. + Outflowsfor: • purchase of inventory. • salaries, wages, and other operating expenses. • interest on debt. • income taxes. _ Operating Activities Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Direct Method Indirect Method Reports the cash effects of each operating activity Starts with accrual net income and converts to cash basis Direct and Indirect Methods of Reporting Two Formats for Reporting Operating Activities

Inflowsfrom: sale of long-lived assets used in the business. sale of investment securities (stocks and bonds). collection of nontrade receivables. + Outflowsfor: • purchase of long-lived assets used in the business. • purchase of investment securities (stocks and bonds). • loans to other entities. _ Investing Activities Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Inflowsfrom: sale of shares to owners. borrowing from creditors through notes, loans, mortgages, and bonds. _ Financing Activities Cash Flows from Financing Activities + Outflowsfor: • owners in the form of dividends or other distributions. • owners for the reacquisition of shares previously sold. • creditors as repayment of the principal amounts of debt.

Noncash Investing and Financing Activities Significant investing and financing transactions not involving cash also are reported. Acquisition of equipment (an investing activity) by issuing a long-term note payable (a financing activity).

U. S. GAAP vs. IFRS Like U.S. GAAP, international standards also require a statement of cash flows. Consistent with U.S. GAAP, cash flows are classified as operating, investing, or financing. Operating Activities Investing Activities Dividends Received Interest Received Financing Activities Dividends Paid Interest Paid • Operating Activities • Dividends Received • Interest Received • Interest Paid • Investing Activities • Financing Activities • Dividends Paid Typical Classification of Cash Flows from Interest and Dividends

U. S. GAAP vs. IFRS The FASB and IASB are working together on a project, Financial Statement Presentation, to establish a common standard for presenting information in the financial statements.

Expenses Outflows of resources incurred in generating revenues.