Input & Output Part I

1. Input & OutputPart I Bayram Güzer

2. Input & Output • Users submit input data to the computer to get processed information • Sometimes the output is an instant reaction to input • Bar codes on supermarket provide input that permits instant retrieval of outputs that is price and item name • Input and output may be separated by time or distance • Data on checks is used as input to the bank computer, which eventually process the data to prepare a bank statement once a month • Although diversity of computer applications may differ for the time or distance of input and output, the process is the same; input, processing and the output

3. Input • There are two main types of input method. • Data can go directly to the computer for processing • Bar-codes, speech through microphone. • Data goes through an intermediate handling • Original data is hand written, it is translated to a medium that a machine can read • Using keyboard to write in electronic form • Some of the common input devices are • Keyboard • Pointing Devices • Source Data Automation

4. Keyboard • Keyboard is the most common device for transferring user input to the computer system • It is similar to a typewriter keyboard and it is one of the primary part of a personal computer • There are two main types of keyboards; • Alphanumeric keyboards • Special-function keyboards

5. Traditional Alphanumeric Keyboards • Most widely used keyboards are alphanumeric keyboards • Alphanumeric keyboards usually have 101-key with QWERTY key layout. • 12 function keys • A numeric keypad • Variety of special function keys • Dedicated cursor keys

6. Traditional Alphanumeric Keyboard First keyboard layout introduced by the IBM as 101-key

7. Traditional Alphanumeric Keyboard • Escape (ESC) key is often used to “escape” from the program • Usually it works on dialog boxes. • Tab key is used for different purposes. • In word processing software, it is used to moves the insertion point to the next tab stop. • In spreadsheet applications, it is used to move the cursor to the next cell. • In dialog boxes or menus, it is used to highlight the next button or option.

8. Traditional Alphanumeric Keyboard • When Caps Lock (Caps) key is pressed, uppercase letter is produced. • Shift key allows us to produce the upper symbols shown on the keys. It is used with other keys. • In addition, when you press any key with shift key, it either uppers or lowers the keys according to the state of the Caps Lock.

9. Traditional Alphanumeric Keyboard • Control (Ctrl) key is used with the combination of other keys. • Control key has different function depending on the program. • E.g. Ctrl + C is used for copying the file or text in Windows. • Alternate key (Alt) is also used in combination with other keys to initiate commands. • E.g. ALT + 1 is saves the file while you are working with it.

10. Traditional Alphanumeric Keyboard • Backspace is most often used to delete a character at the left of the cursor by moving the cursor back one position. • Enter key moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line.

11. Traditional Alphanumeric Keyboard • In addition to these special keys, main keyboard also have letters, numbers and some special symbols. • Function keys are used to give certain commands to the computer but the command is defined by the particular software. E.g. F12 opens Save As dialog box.

12. Traditional Alphanumeric Keyboard • Navigation keys helps you to navigate the document. Home and End moves the cursor to the beginning and end of a document. • Page Up and Page Down move the cursor to the previous and the next page. • Arrow keys allows you to move the cursor in four direction which is left, right, up and down. • It is also used in selecting menu items.

13. Traditional Alphanumeric Keyboard • Print Screen key causes image of the currently displayed screen to be placed on the computer’s clipboard that is a memory place which it can be saved or moved. • Insert (Ins) key is used to switch between two modes of entering data which is text-insert and typeover. • Delete (Del) key is used to delete a character or space at the right of the cursor.

14. Traditional Alphanumeric Keyboard • In addition to print screen, there is two keys which was empty when this keyboard layout first created. • These two keys are scroll lock and pause break. • Scroll lock key is used to toggle on/off the scroll lock feature. It is used to controls the cursor control keys for some programs but many applications ignore the scroll lock setting. • Last key is Pause/Break and it can temporarily freeze data that is being scrolled in the screen. Usually it works in the command prompt mode.

15. Ergonomic Keyboards • Designed to reduce or minimize repetitive strain injury of wrists. • Provide more neutral, comfortable position of wrists, arms, and hands.

16. Special Function Keyboards

17. Special Function Keyboards • Some keyboards are designed for special applications • Cash-register terminals at most fast-food restaurants • There are keys with name of the products and when it is pressed, product is put to the record of sale • Special function keyboards are also called as Point-of-Sale keyboards.

18. Pointing Devices • Pointing devices are used to position a pointer on the screen. • Communication with the operating system is handled by buttons. • When you click a button, commands are arriving to operating system • Some of the common pointing devices are; • Mouse • Trackball and Track pad • Joystick • Others

19. Mouse

20. Mouse • There are several types of mouse technology • Mechanical: small ball on underside rolls as mouse is moved. • Optical: uses a light beam to monitor mouse movement. • Cordless: uses either infrared or radio waves, rather than a cord, to connect to computer.

21. Mouse • A most common type of mouse has a ball on its underside. • It is rolled on a flat surface either on the desk which the computer sits or a flat item called as mouse pad. • The rolling movement causes corresponding movement of a pointer on the screen.

22. Mouse • The pointer can be in number of shapes but mostly it is in arrow shaped. • A common mouse has two buttons that is the left one and the right one. • Left button is used for common actions. • Right button is used for operating system or application-defined actions.

23. Mouse • Left button is usually used for clicking, double clicking purposes. • Right button is usually used for menus defined by the each application. • Today, mouse has multi-buttons which has different actions defined by a special software. • In addition, there is a wheel between the two buttons on a mouse which is used for scrolling the text or zooming in or out when you are viewing an image.

24. Trackball

25. Trackball • In trackball, there is a ball inset in a small external box. • The ball is rolled with the fingers and then it causes movement of the cursor. • Sometimes it is also called as upside-down mouse. • It is invented for the problems of travelers on the unavailability of flat surfaces.

26. Track pad • Track pad is another variation of the track ball. • You use your fingers in order to move the cursor. • There is two tabs at the bottom of the track pad which is used as left button and right button as on the mouse. • You can also use the track pad area for double clicking or single clicking.

27. Joystick • Joystick is a vertical stick that moves the mouse cursor in the direction stick is pushed. • Pressing buttons activates some actions to take place • It is mostly used for games.

28. Other Pointing Devices • Graphics tablet (Digitizer tablet and pen) • Consist of a pen and a touch sensitive tablet whose X – Y coordinates correspond with those on the computer’s display screen. • User moves stylus or puck across board • Used to create or trace precise drawings • Touch screen • Allow user to touch items on screen • Position of finger on screen determines item to be input into system • Used at kiosks in public places such as malls, bank atms.

29. Other Pointing Devices • Pen-based computing • Use pen-like stylus to input data to the touch sensitive displays • Often used in PDAs or pocket PCs

30. Source Data Automation • Used for efficient data input by reducing the number of intermediate steps requiring between the origination of data and its processing. • Data should be input as fast as possible for processing. • E.g. bar-code readers • Used with special equipment to collect data at the source • Primary types of source data automation are • Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR) • Optical recognition devices • Other sources

31. Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition • Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition is abbreviated as MICR • It uses a machine to read characters made of magnetized particles • The most common use is in the numbers at the bottom of the checks. • The machine that prints magnetized characters is called as MICR inscriber. • Magnetized characters are preprinted on lower left-hand side of the check.

32. Optical Recognition Devices • Uses a light beam to scan data and convert electrical signals • Common uses are; • Bar-code readers at supermarkets • Scanners for graphics and documents • Document imaging; converts paper documents to electronic documents • It allows us to edit or process electronic documents by software

33. Scanners • Scanners can convert text or even a drawing or picture into computer-recognizable data by using a form of optical recognition • In the old times, people were transferring an existing document into the computer by retyping it. • Imaging is the process of converting those papers to an electronic version which you can store them on disk and retrieve when needed.

34. Scanners • Scanners are divided into three categories • Flatbed scanner • Sheetfeed scanner • Handheld scanner • Flatbed scanner • Typically scans one page at a time • It takes a space on your table • You can scan bound documents, pages from books and other bulky items.

35. Scanners • Sheetfeed scanner • motorized rollers feed the sheet (page) across the scanning head. • They are compact that is designed to feet between keyboard and the monitor • Handheld scanner • It is the least expensive and the least reliable out of the three • It provides you a handy portable option • Since it is handheld, the user must move the scanner in a straight line at a fixed rate • This makes it difficult to get good scan

36. Optical Character Recognition • Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software is used to scan the text in editable format using word processing. • One of the important characteristics of the OCR software is they can identify the individual letters as opposed to treating the entire document as one big picture. • Most scanners come with an OCR software.

37. Optical Mark Recognition • Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) senses marks on a piece of paper. • It is used to score certain tests. • Using a pencil, you make a mark in a specified box, the answer sheet is then graded by an optical device that recognizes the patterns and converts them to computer recognizable electrical signals. • E.g. Evaluation of your answer sheet for OSS.

38. Optical Character Recognition • OCR devices also use a light source to read special characters and convert them into electrical signals to be sent to the central processing unit. • A standard typeface for optical characters is called as OCR-A. • The handheld wand-reader is a popular input device for reading OCR-A. • It is increasingly used in hospitals, libraries, factories and in retail stores.

39. Optical Character Recognition • Hand-held scanner is using OCR technology and it can translate text from one language to another language. • Just slide the tip of the pen across the text and the translation appears in the pen’s window.

40. Bar-Code Reader • Each product on the store shelf has its own unique number which is part of the Universal Product Code (UPC). • This product number is coded on the product label by a pattern of vertical marks, or bars which is called as bar-codes. • These vertical patterns (bar-codes) are read by bar-code reader. • The bar-code contains a number which this number is stored in a computer database and provides the price. • Bar coding is an inexpensive and a reliable way.

41. Other Sources (Voice Input) • The user speaks into a microphone. • A chip on a board inside the computer analyzes the waveform and changes it to binary numbers • These digits are compared with the numbers in a stored vocabulary list. • If a match is found, the corresponding word is displayed on the screen.

42. Other Sources (Voice Input) • Voice input or speech recognition is another form of source input. • Speech recognition devices accept the spoken word through a microphone and convert it into binary code (0s and 1s). • It is used in by “busy hands” people, hands too dirty people and also people who doesn’t has access to keyboard.

43. Other Sources (Voice Input) • Changing radio frequencies in airplane cockpit and also physically disabled users are two of the common usage of this speech recognition systems. • Most speech recognition systems are speaker dependent. • Systems “learns” user’s voice.

44. Other Sources (Voice Input) • There are two types of main speech recognition systems. • In discrete word systems user must pause between words. • In continuous word systems users can speak normally.

45. Other Sources • Digital Cameras • Take photos, transfer it to computer, edit photos • Video Input • Usually used in security systems • Eye Recognition Systems • Face Recognition Systems • Fingerprint Recognition Systems

46. References • Capron, H. L. (2000). Computers Tools for an Information Age.(6th ed.). New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. • Long, L. & Long, N. (2001). Computers. (8th ed.). New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. • Tab Key. (n.d.). Retrieved 24 October 2009 from http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/Tab_key.html • 101 keyboard layout. (n.d.). Retrieved 24 October 2009 from http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/topics/keyboards/physical.jsp • Pos Keyboard. (n.d.). Retrieved 24 October 2009 from http://www.electronickeyboards.com/POS-retail-keyboards.html • Pos Keyboard. (2009). Retrieved 24 October 2009 from http://www.datacal.com/c-178-retail-and-pos.aspx • First Mouse. (2009). Retrieved 24 October 2009 fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_%28computing%29

47. References • Mouse. (2009). Retrieved 24 October 2009 from http://sliceofmit.wordpress.com/2009/04/06/slice-of-mitanyone-have-a-slice-of-cheese/ • Trackball Kensington. (2006). Retrieved 24 October 2009 from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trackball-Kensington-ExpertMouse5.jpg • Trackball Slimblade. (n.d.). Retrieved 24 October 2009 from http://cache.gizmodo.com/assets/images/4/2009/01/kensington-slimblade-trackball.jpg • Multi-touch Trackpad. (n.d.). Retrieved 24 October 2009 from http://www.apple.com/asia/macbookpro/overlays/trackpad.html • Quicktionary. (n.d.). Retrieved 24 October 2009 from http://www.eurocosm.com/Application/Products/Wizcom/Chinese-Translator-GB.asp