Psykologiens Historie og Genstandsområde 2010 Forelæsning 8

1. Psykologiens Historie og Genstandsområde 2010Forelæsning 8

2. Alfred Russel Wallace Jean Baptiste Lamarck Charles Darwin Den franske revolution Den industrielle revolution EVOLUTIONENS OPDAGER/E Indre stræben MORALE: Naturlig udvælgelse Usynlige hånd • Man kan være for langt forud for sin tid. • Man kan vente for længe. (Man skal handle når tiden er inde, ellers gør andre det. Carpe diem.) • Men det er altid godt at have magtfulde venner.

3. Charles Darwin

4. For der er selvfølgelig kontinuitet mellem menneske og dyr. Det tror jeg ikke på! ”Light will be thrown upon man and his history.” Jeg er også stærkt i tvivl! Helt sikkert forkert! Charles Lyell Thomas Huxley Alfred Russel Wallace

5. The origin of Species, 1859 The Descent of Man, 1871 The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, 1872

6. Ikke fraA biographical sketch of an infant 1877

7. The origin of Species, 1859 The Descent of Man, 1871 The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, 1872 Alle de egenskaber, som vi tillægger mennesket, findes, som masser af eksempler viser, hos dyrene om end i mindre grad. Anekdote-metoden

8. ”It is certain that some parrots, which have been taught to speak, connect unerringly words with things, and persons with events. The lower animals differ from man solely in his almost infinitely larger power of associating together the most diversified sounds and ideas… I have received several detailed accounts to this effect. Admiral Sir. B. J. Sulivan, whom I know to be a careful observer, assures me that an African parrot, long kept in his father's house, invariably called certain persons of the household, as well as visitors, by their names. He said "good morning" to every one at breakfast, and "good night" to each as they left the room at night, and never reversed these salutations. To Sir B. J. Sulivan's father, he used to add to the " good morning" a short sentence, which was never once repeated after his father's death. He scolded violently a strange dog which came into the room through the open window; and he scolded another parrot (saying "you naughty polly") which had got out of its cage, and was eating apples on the kitchen table.” Descent of Man, chapter 3 LANGUAGE

9. ”The tendency in savages to imagine that natural objects and agencies are animated by spiritual or living essences, is perhaps illustrated by a little fact which I once noticed: my dog, a full-grown and very sensible animal, was lying on the lawn during a hot and still day; but at a little distance a slight breeze occasionally moved an open parasol, which would have been wholly disregarded by the dog, had any one stood near it. As it was, every time that the parasol slightly moved, the dog growled fiercely and barked. He must, I think, have reasoned to himself in a rapid and unconscious manner, that movement without any apparent cause indicated the presence of some strange living agent, and that no stranger had a right to be on his territory.” Descent of Man, chapt. 3 Religious feeling

10. Animal Intelligence 1882Mental Evolution 1884 3. 1. George John Romanes1848 - 1894 2. Induktionsmetoden

11. Animal Intelligence 1882Mental Evolution 1884 ”Polly was standing on the edge of the table; she called out in a tone of extreme affection: ’Puss, Puss, come’. When Pussy went and looked up Polly tipped a basin of milk over the cat; then chuckled diabolically.” George John Romanes1848 - 1894 Induktionsmetoden

12. Lloyd-Morgans Canon (Ockhams Ragekniv) ”In no case may we interpret an action as the outcome of the exercise of a higher psychical faculty, if it can be interpreted as the outcome of the exercise of one which stands lower on the psychological scale.” George John Romanes1848 - 1894 Conwy Lloyd Morgan1852 - 1936

13. Lloyd-Morgans Canon Irene Pepperberg Alex

14. 1864 Darwin vi har et kæmpeproblem med vores evolutionsteori! Alfred Russel Wallace Charles Darwin

15. 1864 Dyrene udvikler sig når den naturlige udvælgelse giver dem skarpere tænder, tykkere pels, og så videre, er det ikke rigtigt? Jo, det er jo evolutionsteorien! Alfred Russel Wallace Charles Darwin

16. 1864 Mennesker bruger redskaber og hjælpemidler! Og så? Alfred Russel Wallace Charles Darwin

17. 1864 “Thus man, by the mere capacity of clothing himself, and making weapons and tools, has taken away from nature that power of changing the external form and structure, which she exercises over all other animals.” GYS! Anthropological Review, 1864

18. 1864 “But man does this by means of his intellect alone; which enables him with an unchanged body still to keep in harmony with the changing universe.”

19. 1864 Nej, der er stadig et organ, som den naturlige udvægelse har at virke på. Er alt så tabt?

20. 1864 ”His brain alone would have increased in size and complexity and his cranium have undergone corresponding changes of form, while the whole structure of lower animals were being changed.” Menneskets evolution er intelligensens evolution og de bedst egnede er dem med de største hjerner! BRAVO, Wallace!

21. 1869 Du Darwin… …den hjerneteori er indlysende falsk og absurd! Ja, hvad er der nu, Wallace?

22. 1869

23. Darwin Wallace Husk – Natura non facit saltus.

24. Darwin Wallace

25. SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST

27. ”It is generally admitted that with women the powers of intutition, and perhaps of imitation, are more strongly marked than in men; but some, at least, of these faculties are characteristic of the lower races, and therefore of a past and lower state of civilisation.”

28. ”It is, indeed, fortunate, that the law of equal transmission of characters of both sexes prevail with mammals; otherwise it is probable that man would have become as superior in mental endowment to woman, as the peacock is in ornamental plumage to the peahen.”

30. SOCIAL DARWINISME

31. 1869 Det er absurd at hævde, at indianeren er et lavere udviklingstrin end os! Nonsens, jeg har set det med mine egne øjne.

32. ”The astonishment which I felt on first seeing a party of Fuegians on a wild and broken shore will never be forgotten by me.”

33. ”These men were absolutely naked and bedaubed with paint, their long hair was tangled, their mouths frothed with excitement, and their expression was wild, startled and distrustful.”

34. ” One’s mind hurries back over past centuries, & then asks, could our progenitors be such as these? Men, - whose very sign and expressions are less intelligible to us than those of the domesticated animals; who do not possess the instinct of those animals, nor yet appear to boast of human reason, or at least of arts consequent on that reason.”

35. 1869 Det har jeg altså også! Nonsens, jeg har set det med mine egne øjne.

36. ”The more I see of uncivilized people, the more I think of human nature on the whole, and the essential differences between civilized and savage man seem to disappear.”

37. 1869 Du mener, ”at der ikke er nogen kvalitativ forskel mellem menneskets og dyrets natur, kun en gradsforskel…” ”Min anskuelse var og er, at der tværtimod er en kvalitativ forskel!” Præcis!

38. Darwin’s gradforskel.

39. Wallaces kvalitative forskel. ?

40. 1869 ”Some higher intelligence may have directed the process by which the human race was developed.” Hvordan forklarer du så det spring?

41. 1869 ”I should have thought your remarks had been added by someone else. As you expected, I differ grievously from you, and I am very sorry for it…Eheu! Eheu! Eheu! – Your miserable friend, C. Darwin.” ”I hope not you have murdered too completely your own and my child.”

42. Francis Galton1822-1911 1869 Hvad mener du, fætter Francis? Ak, ak, fætter Charles, hvis det bare var en teoretisk krise, nej krisen er reel og dødsens alvorlig!

43. Negativ evolution

44. SOCIAL DARWINISMEN fungerer ikke ordentligt!

45. "The careless, squalid, unaspiring Irishman multiplies like rabbits: the frugal, foreseeing, self-respecting, ambitious Scot, stern in his morality, spiritual in his faith, sagacious and disciplined in his intelligence, passes his best years in struggle and in celibacy, marries late, and leaves few behind him. Given a land originally peopled by a thousand Saxons and a thousand Celts- and in a dozen generations five-sixths of the population would be Celts, but five-sixths of the property, of the power, of the intellect, would belong to the one-sixth of Saxons that remained. In the eternal 'struggle for existence,' it would be the inferior and less favoured race that had prevailed- and prevailed by virtue not of its good qualities but of its faults." Citat bragt i Descent of Man

46. Darwin i Descent of Man, 1871: “There should be open competititon for all men; and the most able should not be prevented by laws of custom from succeeding best and rearing the largest number of offspring.”

47. SOCIAL DARWINISMEN fungerer ikke ordentligt! Samfundet må ikke blande sig på bekostning af konkurrence og evolution.

48. Vi må indføre grundskoler for alle børn mellem 5 og 13 år med skolepligt. William Gladstoneengelsk politiker og premierminister.

49. Hørt! Skulle det nu være nødvendigt? ”Hvis et menneske er begavet med stor intellektuel kapacitet, arbejdsiver og styrke til at arbejde, kan jeg ikke forestille mig, hvorledes et sådant menneske kan undertrykkes.” Nej, det er helt overflødigt, gentlemen!

50. My Dear Adele, I am four years old and I can read any English book. I can say all the Latin substantives and adjectives, and active verbs besides 52 lines of Latin poetry. I can cast up any sum in addition and can multiply by 2, 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11, I can also say the pence table. I read French a little and I know the clock. Francis Galton. 15 feb. 1827.