States of Matter

1. States of Matter

2. Physical state • form matter takes as a result of the arrangement of its particles

3. most matter is in one of the three physical states liquid gas solid

4. Kinetic Molecular Theory • KMT - explains the properties of solids, liquids and gases • All matter is made of tiny particles which are always in motion. • The higher the temperature, the faster the motion The motion and spacing of particles determine the state of matter

5. Four States of Matter • Solids • very low KE - particles vibrate but can’t move around • fixed shape • fixed volume

6. Four States of Matter • Liquids • low KE - particles can move around but are still close together • variable shape • take the shape of container • fixed volume

7. Four States of Matter • Gases • high KE - particles can separate and move throughout container • variable shape • variable volume • take the shape and volume of container

8. Four States of Matter • Plasma • very high KE - particles collide with enough energy to break into charged particles (+/-) • gas-like, variableshape & volume • stars, fluorescentlight bulbs, CRTs

9. States of Matter Gas Solid Liquid attraction among particles weakest intermediate strongest adjacent particles are in contact most of the time distance among particles closely packed; held tightly in a rigid structure separated by empty space move freely within available volume can flow movement of particles free to move; can slip past one another can flow vibrate only slightly

10. States of Matter Definite Volume? Definite Shape? Temp. increase Com-pressible? Small Expans. Solid YES YES NO Small Expans. Liquid NO NO YES Large Expans. Gas NO NO YES

11. Condense Freeze Evaporate Melt Gas Liquid Solid

12. Learning Check Match: (1) solid, (2) liquid, or (3) gas. ____ A. Has a definite volume, but takes the shape of the container. ____ B. Its particles are moving rapidly. ____ C. Fills the volume of a container. ____ D. Particles are in a fixed structure. ____ E. Particles are close together, but mobile.

13. Solution Match: (1) solid, (2) liquid, or (3) gas. _2_ A. Has a definite volume, but shape of the container. _3_ B. Its particles are moving rapidly. _3_ C. Fills the volume of a container. _1_ D. Particles are in a fixed structure. _2_ E. Particles are close together, but mobile.

14. chemical reactions • describes how matter behaves • process by which elements and/or compounds interact with one another to form new substances

15. chemical reactions • reactant - a chemical that is present at the beginning of a chemical reaction and that takes part in the reaction • product - a chemical produced as a result of chemical reactions

16. chemical reactions • arrow in the chemical reaction - separates the reactants from products and also indicates in which direction the reaction usually proceeds - from leftto right

17. chemical reactions can be described by word equations • to produce acetylsalicylic acid (active ingredient in aspirin) in the laboratory salicylic acid + acetic anhydride  acetylsalicylic acid + acetic acid

18. chemical reactions described by a word equation • mercury (II) oxide decomposes to form mercury and oxygen gas mercury (II) oxide  mercury + oxygen gas

19. many reactions require some energy input ( in the form of heat, light ,etc) for the reaction to begin • activation energy - energy needed to start a reaction

20. types of chemical reactions based on the heat involved • exothermic reaction - releases energy e.g. lighted burner or candle evidence of release of energy 1. light is given off 2. temperature of surrounding increases (warmer)

21. types of chemical reactions based on the heat involved • endothermic reaction - absorbs energy e.g. addition of heat to cook food evidence of absorption of energy 1. reaction system must be heated for reaction to take place 2. temperature of surrounding decreases (colder )