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Skeletal System

Learn about the functions, types, anatomy, and common diseases of the skeletal system. Discover how bones support the body, protect organs, facilitate movement, store minerals, and produce blood cells. Explore different types of bones, the axial and appendicular skeleton, and various joints. Understand the process of bone repair and learn about diseases like osteoporosis and rickets.

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Skeletal System

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  1. Skeletal System

  2. Function of the Skeletal System • Support- framework that supports body and cradles its soft organs • Protection- for delicate organs, heart, lungs, brain • Movement- bones act as levers for muscles • Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate • Blood cell formation- red, white, platelets

  3. Types of Bones • Long Bones- metacarples, metatarsals, phelangies, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula • Short Bones- carpals, tarsals • Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum • Irregular Bones- vertebrae, some facial bones • Sesamoid- patella

  4. Bone Classification Flat bone Long bone irregular Short bone sesamoid

  5. Anatomy of a Long Bone spongy bone Proximal epiphysis compact bone Endosteum diaphysis epiphyseal line yellow marrow Sharpey’s fibers Distal epiphysis periosteum hyaline cartilage

  6. Axial Skeleton

  7. Appendicular Skeleton

  8. Axial Skeleton

  9. Axial Skeleton Styloid process Mastoid process

  10. Axial Skeleton Occipital condyle

  11. Axial Skeleton Posterior View

  12. Sinal Cavities Frontal Sinus Ethmoid Sinus Sphenoid Sinus Maxillary Sinus • Warm and moisten air • Lighten the skull • Enhance voice resonance

  13. Axial Skeleton The Vertebral Column Cervical Vertebrae(7) Thoracic Vertebrae(12) Lumbar Vertberae(5) Sacrum Coccyx

  14. Cervical Vertebrae

  15. Axial Skeleton The Thoracic Cage Sternum True Ribs(7) False Ribs(3) Floating Ribs(2)

  16. Axial Skeleton Sacrum & Coccyx

  17. Appendicular Skeleton Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

  18. Appendicular Skeleton Humerus Ulna Radius 8 Carpals 5 Metacarpals 14 Phalanges

  19. Hand Bones Phalange Metacarpal Carpal

  20. Appendicular Skeleton Pelvis Pelvis Ilium sacrum Ischium Pubic bone Pubic symphysis

  21. Male vs Female Pelvis Female Pelvic Girdle Male Pelvic Girdle

  22. Appendicular Skeleton The Lower Limb (Legs) Femur Patella Tibia Fibula 7 Tarsals 5 Metatarsals 14 Phalanges

  23. Foot phelangies metatarsals tarsals tarsals metatarsals phelangies

  24. Fetal Skull

  25. suture pubis symphisis Fibrous Joints Immovable Joints

  26. Cartilagenous Joints Slightly Movable Joint

  27. Synovial Joints Freely Movable

  28. Synovial Joints pelvis joint capsule femur hyaline cartilage synovial cavity

  29. Knee Joint

  30. Synovial Joint Movement

  31. Synovial Joint Movement

  32. Synovial Joint Movement

  33. Fetal Skeleton 275 bones12 weeks (6-9 inches long)

  34. Fetus: 1st 2 months Endochondral Ossification 2o ossification center 1o ossification center bone cartilage calcified cartilage Just before birth epiphyseal line epiphyseal plate Childhood Adult

  35. Bone cells that aid in remodeling Osteoblast Builds new bone Osteocyte Mature bone cell Osteoclast Eats bone

  36. Bone Repair: • Electrical stimulation of the fracture site: • Increases speed and completeness of healing • The e- stimulation inhibits PTH and slow osteoclasts down from reabsorbing bone • 2. Ultrasound treatment: • Daily treatments reduce healing time of broken bones by 25-35% • 3. Free vascular fibular graft technique: • Transplant fibula in arm • Gives good blood supply not available in other treatments • 4. Bone substitutes: • Crushed bone from cadaver- but risk of HIV and hepatitis • Sea bone- coral • Artificial bone- ceramic

  37. Repair of Fractures hematoma callus bony callus bone remodeling

  38. Diseases of the Skeletal System: • Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit; bones become lighter and fracture easier • Factors: • age, gender (more in women) • estrogen and testosterone decrease • insufficient exercise (or too much) • diet poor in Ca++ and protein • abnormal vitamin D receptors • smoking

  39. 29 40 84 92 Osteoporosis

  40. Diseases of the Skeletal System: Rickets- vitamin D deficiency

  41. Diseases of the Skeletal System: Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune reaction

  42. INQUIRY • What is a fontanel? • How many bones in the adult skeleton? • What is the difference between the appendicular and axial skeleton? • What is a meniscus? • Demonstrate adduction. • Weight bearing vertebrae are called? • What does an osteoclast do?

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