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CHAPTER 2

PRT 2008: AGRICULTURE AND MAN. CHAPTER 2. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF MODERN AGRICULTURE. ismaill@econ.upm.edu.my. TOPICS. Evolution of agriculture from pre-historic era until today 2. Different values associated with traditional and modern agriculture 3. Contribution of Islam to agriculture

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CHAPTER 2

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  1. PRT 2008: AGRICULTURE AND MAN CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF MODERN AGRICULTURE ismaill@econ.upm.edu.my

  2. TOPICS • Evolution of agriculture from pre-historic era until today • 2. Different values associated with traditional and modern agriculture • 3. Contribution of Islam to agriculture • 4. Recognize the contribution of agriculture to quality of life

  3. Phases in Agriculture Evolution • represents one of the greatest transition that humanity has ever experienced • people began to settle into sedentary food producing communities the process of city and state formation had begun • every aspect of the lives of hunter gatherers changed when humanity began the gradual transition to food production • unleashed changes that one may argue brought out the best and worst of humanity’s potential.

  4. Evolution of agriculture

  5. Evolution of agriculture Phases in Agriculture Evolution

  6. Hunting and gathering • Hunting and gathering • just sufficient for consumption • small and mobile families/group • very adaptable to surrounding, using whatever available fully • move seasonally to optimize different sources of food • Pastoralism, the herding of domesticated or partially domesticated animals • necessary to move the herds continually in search of fresh pastures • makes this a wandering, nomadic way of life (more in common culturally with hunting and gathering styles of life)

  7. Domestication revolution • about 12,000 yrs ago • Characteristics; • domesticate plants then animals • grain crop – wild rye, barley and later wheat • later peas and bean • locations; • Asia Minor (Southwestern Asia) – Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Turkey • Nile Valley • Europe – Danube River and Macedonia • Indus Valley • China – Yangtze and Yellow River • Central Mexico – grow maize • formation of social structure (individual vs community) • sharing of knowledge • specialisation of knowledge and skills

  8. CENTER OF DIVERSITY AND ORIGIN OF CULTIVATED PLANTS

  9. Agricultural Revolution - modern • accepted to happen between 1650-1850 • involve adaptation through time; • -rotation with legumes and root crops. • -employ scientific method in agricultural research. • -use of fossil fuels to increase yield and labour productivity. • -invent mechanized farm equipments…..and electronics. • -set up food-processing industries. • the later part of Agricultural revolution is tied up with • Industrial Revolution when machines were invented

  10. Agricultural Revolution • started much earlier in the 9th century by Muslim based on; • irrigation system with machines, dams and reservoirs. • adopted scientific approach to farming with improved farming techniques (manuals published) made possible raising of crops and animals away from place of origin. • incentive driven approach… land ownership, labourers’ rights, rewards of harvest commensurate with efforts. • introduction of new crops and plant varieties and new cultivation techniques derived from research. • by 14th century plants and animals moved across ocean • maize, tomato and potatoes moved from New World (South & Central America) to Old World (Europe) while wheat moved the opposite way

  11. Evolution of agriculture Relative utilisation of human labour, animals, mechanical, information and biotechnology through Agriculture Evolution

  12. Values in traditional agriculture • local agroecosystem is fully utilised • Food is a question of survival for the community • Land preparation – human labour and draft animal • Labour is intensive and control of pests and diseases • Food production – art/craft of agriculture • Natural resources - rain and natural enemies of pests are fully capitalised. • Organic fertilizers, land fallowing and plant-microbe symbiosis • native/indigenouscrop varieties and animals

  13. Values in traditional and modern agriculture • Modern agriculture is the opposite of traditional agriculture exhibiting; • mass production by intensive cropping • heavily dependent on current technologies – machineries, ICT, transportation etc • dependent on agrochemicals – fertilizer, pesticides etc. • hybrid, clones or selectedcrop varieties and animals • need of skilled or semi skilled workers • monoculture practice – one crop • is a business – include downstream activities

  14. The culture of Migratory/Normadic • migratory or “slash and burn” or Swidden agriculture • practiced in third world and the interior of developing countries (tropical) • Asia – Indonesia, Thailand • Africa- Zambia & Zaire • South America - Brazil • practiced on hill • virgin jungle felled and burned before growing • grow hill rice, maize, tapioca/yam, beans • short term growing (1 or 2 seasons) followed by long fallow • uphold traditional practices and taboos

  15. negative effect of Swidden agriculture • less productive – can only support immediate family • yield drop with time – reduced fertility • soil erosion – loss of nutrient leading to loss of fertility • destroy the ecosystem – watershed area destruction, flash flood, climatic changes (El Nino ?) • biodiversity loss – trees and animals

  16. Sedentary agriculture Cultivation on the same piece of land year in year out where community remains sedentary Performed on a specific area by rural folks on a small or in a big commercial ventures.

  17. Influence of Religion on Agriculture Agriculture in Islam: cited in Al-Quran –eg Surah An-Nahl verses 10 -11 He it is Who sendeth down water from the sky, whence ye have drink, and whence are trees on which ye send your beast to pasture. Therewith He causeth crops to grow for you and the olive and the date palm and grapes and all kind of fruits. Lo! Herein is indeed a portent for people who reflect. Dialah yang menurunkan hujan dari langit; sebahagian daripadanya untuk minuman kamu dan sebahagian lagi menyebabkan tumbuhnya pokok-pokok (tumbuh-tumbuhan) untuk kamu melepaskan binatang-binatang ternak: makan padanya. Ia juga menumbuhkan bagi kamu dengan sebab hujan itu tanam-tanaman dan pokok-pokok zaitun dan tamar serta anggur; dan juga dari segala jenis buah-buahan. Sesungguhnya yang demikian mengandungi satu tanda ( yang membuktikan kekuasaan Allah) bagi kaum yang mahu berfikir. Placed agriculture activity as fardhu kifayah

  18. Christians believe that since God created nature, agricultural practices should not contribute in any way to the detrimental of the environment. The proper model for the caretaking of nature : Genesis II; Luke 12.

  19. The contribution of agriculture to lifestyle and quality of life: How? AG AS BUSINESS not a lifestyle • the food that we eat • the income generated • the social structure created • create trends • the infrastructure built for agriculture • the associated technological advancement that started with agriculture

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