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Chapter 22 Sun-Earth-Moon System

Chapter 22 Sun-Earth-Moon System. Pgs. 613 - 622. 22.1 Planet Earth. Planet Earth Data The position of the Earth, Sun, and moon affect us daily Seasons change, day turns to night, tides rise & fall The Earth’s Shape The Earth was once believed to be flat (YES, it is roundish)

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Chapter 22 Sun-Earth-Moon System

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  1. Chapter 22Sun-Earth-Moon System

  2. Pgs. 613 - 622 22.1 Planet Earth • Planet Earth Data • The position of the Earth, Sun, and moon affect us daily • Seasons change, day turns to night, tides rise & fall • The Earth’s Shape • The Earth was once believed to be flat (YES, it is roundish) • Aristotle reasoned that the Earth was round because it cast a round shadow (Not flat) on the Moon during eclipses • Sailors used line of sight to show the Earth was curved

  3. Earth the Oblique spheroid • Today we know the Earth is almost round • It is a slightly flattened sphere (Oblique Spheroid) • Sphere: round three dimensional object • Slightly bulged at the Equator, Flatter at the poles • The axis runs through the poles • Axis: line around which the Earth spins (Rotation) • Rotation causes day and night • The Equator: line bisecting the Earth (90O from Poles) • Only known planet to have liquid water • Made up of 70% water. • 97% of all water is salted. • Only known planet to have life

  4. Earth Data (the Specifics) • Diameter: (Pole to Pole) = 7,901 mi. • Diameter: (at Equator) = 7,926 mi • Earth rotates at about 1000 mi/hr. • Mass: 5.98 x 1027 g = 5.98 x 1023 kg • Density: 5.52 g/cm3 • Average distance from the Sun = 149,600,000 km • Period of Rotation (1 day) = 23hr. 56 min. • Pd. of Revolution (1 year) = 365 days 6 hr. 9 min. • Polar tilt: 23.50 from vertical • Average Temperature is 60oF • Hottest Temperature: 134oF in Death Valley California (1913) • Coldest Temperature: -129oF in Vostok, Antartica (1983) • This means the earth is constantly moving around the sun.

  5. Earth’s Rotation • The Earth rotates, the sun appears to move across the sky (from East to West) • Night is caused by ½ the Earth being in shadow

  6. Earth’s Magnetic Field • The Earth acts as a giant magnet • It produces a magnetic field just like a bar magnet • The Magnetic field is produced from under the surface • It radiates out into space • It is affected by energy from the sun (causes distortion)

  7. Magnetic North • Earth’s magnetic axis, does not line up with it’s polar axis • A compass points to magnetic North (not North Pole) • Difference is 11.50 from polar North

  8. Earth’s Orbit • REVOLUTION – Yearly orbit around the sun. • Just like the Moon is a satellite of the Earth, the Earth is a satellite of the sun. • The Earth revolves around the sun • Earth’s orbit is an ellipse • Ellipse: off center oval (elongated closed curve) • Distance from the sun changes during the year • Closest to the sun =Perihelion Jan 3rd and is about 91,500,000 miles from the sun. • Farthest from the sun = Aphelion July 4th and is about 94,500,000 miles from the sun.

  9. The Seasons • Seasons: Annual change in climate • Due to the Earth’s tilt on it’s axis 23.50 • Seasons are opposite between hemispheres • Daylight hrs are longer for the pole pointed toward the sun • More solar energy = warmer temperatures

  10. Equinoxes • Equinox: Equal amounts of sunlight • Daylight = 12 hrs; Night = 12 hrs. • Sunlight hits directly on the Equator • Northern Hemisphere: • Spring (VERNAL) Equinox (Marks beginning of Spring) March 20th or 21st • Autumn Equinox (Beginning of Fall) September 22nd or 23rd • Reversed for the Southern Hemisphere

  11. Solstices • Solstice: “longest” of the year • Sun reaches its farthest point North or South • Summer Solstice: (Northern Hemisphere) • Occurs on June 21st or 22nd (Beginning of Summer) • Sunlight reaches the Tropic of Cancer • “Longest day of the year” = 16 hrs. of sunlight • North Pole = 24 hrs of daylight • South Pole = 24 hrs of night

  12. Winter Solstices • Sun directly on Tropic of Capricorn • Occurs on December 21st or 22nd • Northern Hemisphere = Beginning of Winter • “Longest night of the Year” (16 hrs. of night) • North Pole: 24 hrs. of night • South Pole: 24 hrs. of daylight

  13. Pgs. 623 - 631 22.2 Earth’s Moon • You know the moon looks different over the month • You see different amounts visible • It rises at different times (sometimes even during the day) • The Moon’s Rotation & Revolution • The moon rotates on its axis (27.3 days = 1 rotation) • It revolves around the Earth (27.3 days = 1 revolution) • Unique situation:We always see the same side of the moon

  14. Why the Moon Shines • The moon is not like the sun • It does not create it’s own light • It reflects sunlight = Moon light • Only the side of the moon facing the sun can be seen • Other side in shadow

  15. Moon Phases • Phases: Daily change in the moon’s appearance • Occur because the moon reflects sunlight & orbiting Earth • Our view point & Moon’s position determines what we see • Waxing: More & more of the moon becomes visible • Occurs between New moon and Full moon • Waning: Less & less of the moon is visible • Occurs between Full moon and New Moon • There are Eight Main Phases: 1.) New Moon 5.) Full Moon 2.) Waxing Crescent 6.) Waning Gibbous 3.) First Quarter 7.) Last Quarter 4.) Waxing Gibbous 8.) Waning Crescent

  16. Phases of the Moon • 1.) NEW MOON – When the moon is completely in shadow • 2.) WAXING CRESCENT– Right side of moon begins to become visible, Left side in shadow. • 3.)FIRST QUARTER – Right half is visible, left half in shadow. • 4.)WAXING GIBBOUS – More than half of the lit side is visible, moon takes on an egg shape • 5.)FULL MOON – When all of the moon’s surface facing earth is lit up and visible. • 6.)WANING GIBBOUS– Moon begins to appear less lit up, takes on an egg shape again (Left side still shines, Right side in shadow) • 7)THIRD (LAST) QUARTER – Left half of moon visible • 8) WANING CRESCENT – only a sliver of the left side is visible.

  17. NEW MOON • WAXING CRESCENT • FIRST QUARTER • WAXING GIBBOUS • FULL MOON • WANING GIBBOUS • THIRD QUARTER • WANING CRESCENT

  18. Phases of the Moon

  19. Average Distance from the Earth to the Moon: 238,857 miles • The Harvest Moon is the FULL MOON nearest to the AUTUMNAL EQUINOX, which occurs (in the NORTHERN HEMISPHERE) on or about SEPT. 23rd

  20. The Harvest Moon is also known as the Wine Moon, the Singing Moon and the Elk Call Moon. In MYTH and FOLKLORE the full moon of each month is given a name. There are many variations but the following list gives the most widely known names: • January – Wolf Moon July – Hay Moon • February – Ice Moon August – Corn Moon • March – Storm Moon Sept. – HARVEST MOON • April – Growing Moon Oct. – Hunter’s Moon • May – Hare Moon Nov. Snow Moon • June – Mead Moon Dec. – Winter Moon • When there are 2 full moons in a month the second is called a BLUE MOON.

  21. Eclipses: • Eclipses occur when the sun, Earth, & Moon align • Caused by the position of the moon • The moon’s orbit is not on the same plane as Earth’s • Can only occur when orbits cross • Shadows are the reason for the phenomena • The Moon’s orbit is tilted about 5 degrees from the Earth’s

  22. Parts of a Shadow: • Shadows have 2 parts: • Umbra: Darkest part (center) • Penumbra: Lighter part (outside)

  23. Solar Eclipses • Solar Eclipse:Moon’s shadow covers part of the Earth • Blocks view of the sun • Only occur during New Moon • Occur every year, only seen in specific areas • Total Solar Eclipse: • The moon blocks out the sun • Only the Corona is seen glowing • Partial Solar Eclipse: • Moon’s penumbra shades part of sun

  24. Total Solar Eclipse Partial Solar Eclipse

  25. Lunar Eclipses • When the moon passes into the Earth’s Shadow • Partial eclipse occur when the moon is in the Penumbra • Total eclipse occur when the moon is in the Umbra • Total Eclipse must occur during Full moons (about once a year) • Moon turns blood red in color

  26. Stages of a Lunar Eclipse

  27. Moon’s Surface Mare Imbrium Mare Serenitatis Copernicus Kepler Mare Tranquillitatus Tycho Notice the rays from Tycho

  28. Moon Surface Features • We can see light and dark parts with our eyes • Maria- Dark colored lava plains with circular basins • Highlands- Areas of light colored crust • Lunar Highlands- made up of mountain chains • Found around maria edges, and extinct volcanoes • The Moon is riddled with craters • Lunar Dirt: Called Regolith (rock particles and dust) • Not soil- contains no water or organic material

  29. The Moon’s Interior • Apollo Missions left instruments to study the moon • Learned about what is below the moon’s surface • Surface: • 35 miles thick facing the Earth • 90 miles on other side • Solid Mantle: Lies below the surface (600 miles deep) • Partially molten zone: Lies below solid mantle • Core: Iron-rich & solid • The Moon is prone to Moonquakes due to structure

  30. Origin of the Moon • Impact theory: • A Mars sized object collided with the Earth (6.4 b.y.a.) • Vaporized material thrown into space • Material condensed & formed the moon

  31. Pgs. 632-633 22.3 Exploration of the Moon • No manned missions to the moon since Apollo • None scheduled missions either • In 1994, one spacecraft was placed in lunar orbit • Clementine: two month mission to survey the moon • Clementine the Spacecraft • Carried & tested sensors to track cold objects in space • Cold objects include satellites, warheads & Asteroids • Also compiled detailed maps of the moon’s surface

  32. Moon’s average day time temperature is 214 oF • Moon’s average night time temperature is -300 oF • Moon’s Gravity is 6x lighter than the Earths. • Moon has not atmosphere so it is always black there. • Moon’s diameter is 2160 miles

  33. Moon Missions • 12 Americans landed on the moon between 1969-1972 during the Apollo Program • July 20,1969 – Apollo 11 first manned lunar landing. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on the moon.

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