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Cognitive and Functional Perspectives on Dynamic Tendencies in Languages

Cognitive and Functional Perspectives on Dynamic Tendencies in Languages Tartu : 29 May - 1 June 2008 Theme session on semantic roles and argument marking Role Reversal Reflexives and the change from agent to patient Kees de Schepper Nijmegen University. Indo-European SE.

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Cognitive and Functional Perspectives on Dynamic Tendencies in Languages

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  1. Cognitive and Functional Perspectives on Dynamic Tendencies in Languages Tartu : 29 May - 1 June 2008 Theme session on semantic roles and argument marking Role Reversal Reflexives and the change from agent to patient Kees de Schepper Nijmegen University

  2. Indo-European SE de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 2

  3. Overview • SE’s semantic map • Initial modifications • From Agent to Patient • Reciprocals and semantic roles • Conclusions de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 3

  4. SE’s semantic map Haspelmath 1993 Semantic map for reflexives and related functions full reflexive grooming/body motion anti-causative potentialpassive pas-sive natural reciprocal de-objective de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 4

  5. SE’s functions Full Reflexive (Dutch) Jan haat zich-zelf John hates SE-self ‘John hates himself’ full reflexive grooming/body motion anti-causative potentialpassive pas-sive natural reciprocal de-objective de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 5

  6. SE’s functions Grooming (Polish; Tabakowska 2003) Basia myje się w łazience Basia washes SE in bathroom ‘Basia washes in the bathroom’ full reflexive grooming/ body motion anti-causative potentialpassive pas-sive natural reciprocal de-objective de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 6

  7. SE’s functions Body Motion (German) Max setzt sich Max sits SE ‘Max sits down’ full reflexive grooming/body motion grooming/ anti-causative potentialpassive pas-sive natural reciprocal de-objective de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 7

  8. SE’s functions Reciprocal (Icelandic; Gast & Haas 2007) Þeir hittu-st i gær they met-SE in yesterday ‘They met yesterday’ full reflexive grooming/body motion anti-causative potentialpassive pas-sive natural reciprocal de-objective de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 8

  9. SE’s functions Anticausative (French) Le vase s' est brisé the vase SE is broken ‘The vase broke’ full reflexive grooming/body motion anti-causative potentialpassive pas-sive natural reciprocal de-objective de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 9

  10. SE’s functions Deobjective (Russian; Haspelmath 2003) Sobaka kusaet-sja dog bites-SE ‘The dog bites’ full reflexive grooming/body motion anti-causative potentialpassive pas-sive natural reciprocal de-objective de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 10

  11. SE’s functions Potential Passive (Serbo-Croatian; Marelj 2004) Ovaj članak se lako čita this article SE easily reads ‘This article reads easily’ full reflexive grooming/body motion anti-causative potentialpassive pas-sive natural reciprocal de-objective de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 11

  12. SE’s functions Passive(Italian; Dobrovie-Sorin 2006) Gli spaghetti si sono già comprati the spaghettis SE are already bought ‘The spaghetti has already been bought’ full reflexive grooming/body motion anti-causative potentialpassive pas-sive natural reciprocal de-objective de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 12

  13. Overview • SE’s semantic map • Initial modifications • From Agent to Patient • Reciprocals and semantic roles • Conclusions de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 13

  14. Initial modifications The orginal map (Haspelmath 1993) full reflexive grooming/body motion anti-causative potentialpassive pas-sive natural reciprocal de-objective de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 14

  15. Removing deobjective • “On the whole, this type seems to be rather marginal.” • Haspelmath 1987 full reflexive grooming/body motion anti-causative potentialpassive pas-sive natural reciprocal de-objective de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 15

  16. Direction of development Made explicit full reflexive grooming/body motion anti-causative potentialpassive pas-sive natural reciprocal de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 16

  17. Grooming & Body Motion Grooming & Body Motion → Natural Reflexive full reflexive grooming/body motion naturalreflexive anti-causative potentialpassive pas-sive natural reciprocal de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 17

  18. Position of Potential Passive Potential Passive (Icelandic; Geniušienė 1987) Bók-in sel-st vel book-the sell-SE well ‘The book sells well’ full reflexive naturalreflexive anti-causative potentialpassive pas-sive natural reciprocal de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 18

  19. Position of Potential Passive • “Being a native speaker of Modern Icelandic, I looked very closely into the semantics of the st forms in that language […] and couldn't find any "Middle" meaning […] even remotely systematically expressed in the language.” • Kjartan Ottosson (p.c.) de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 19

  20. Position of Potential Passive • “Geniusiene's example (with seljast vel) does not strictly speaking illustrate this meaning, as it refers to a realised situation, it is not generic and does not refer to "sellability". […]” • Kjartan Ottosson (p.c.) de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 20

  21. Position of Potential Passive potentialpassive facilitative full reflexive naturalreflexive anti-causative potentialpassive pas-sive pas-sive natural reciprocal (Faltz 1985) de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 21

  22. Arbitrary SE a. Passive(Spanish; Juarros Daussà 2001) Se necesita-nbuena-s idea-sSE need-3PL good-PL idea-PL‘Good ideas are needed’ b. Arbitrary Se necesita buena-s idea-sSE needs(3SG) good-PL idea-PL‘One needs good ideas’ de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 22

  23. Arbitrary SE a. Passive Se necesita una buena idea SE need(3SG) a good idea ‘A good idea is needed’ b. Arbitrary Se necesita una buena idea SE need(3SG) a good idea ‘One needs a good idea’ (Naro 1976) de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 23

  24. Arbitrary SE facilitative arbitrary full reflexive naturalreflexive anti-causative passive natural reciprocal de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 24

  25. Overview • SE’s semantic map • Initial modifications • From Agent to Patient • Reciprocals and semantic roles • Conclusions de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 25

  26. Fitting in semantic roles facilitative arbitrary full reflexive naturalreflexive anti-causative passive natural reciprocal de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 26

  27. Fitting in semantic roles Two candidates: Noun and SE Questions: 1. SE – semantic role or not 2. Agent or Patient? Possibilities: Noun SE 1. Agent Patient 2. Patient Agent 3. Agent - 4. Patient - de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 27

  28. Role reversal AgentPatient Agent Patient NounSE full reflexive naturalreflexive anti-causative passive de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 28

  29. Patient and Natural Reflexive a. Full Reflexive Johann betrog sich / PeterJohn cheated SE Pete) ‘John deceived himself / Pete’ b. Natural Reflexive Johann beeilte sich / *Peter John rushed SE Pete ‘John rushed’ de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 29

  30. Role reversal AgentPatient Agent Patient Patient Agent NounSE arbitrary full reflexive naturalreflexive anti-causative passive de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 30

  31. Overview • SE’s semantic map • Initial modifications • From Agent to Patient • Reciprocals and semantic roles • Conclusions de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 31

  32. Position of Reciprocal AgentPatient Agent Patient Patient Agent NounSE facilitative arbitrary full reflexive naturalreflexive anti-causative passive natural reciprocal de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 32

  33. Natural reciprocals • Old Norse; Holmes and Hincliffe 1994 • kramas ‘hug’; kyssas ‘kiss’mötas ‘meet’ samlas ‘gather’slåss ‘fight’ tampas ‘tussle’skiljas ‘part’ retas ‘tease’ brottas ‘wrestle’ enas ‘unite’ förlikas ‘be reconciled’ kivas ‘squabble’ de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 33

  34. German reciprocals • sich schlagen ‘to fight’ (German; Dimitriadis 2004) • a. Continuous Reciprocal • Johann und Maria schlugen sichJohn and Mary hit SE ‘John and Mary fought’ • b. Discountinous Reciprocal • Johann schlug sich mit MariaJohn hit SE with Mary ‘John fought with Mary’ de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 34

  35. German reciprocals • sich vergöttern ‘to idolize each other’ • a. Continuous Reciprocal • Johann und Maria vergöttern sichJohn and Mary idolize SE ‘John and Mary idolize each other’ • b. Discountinous Reciprocal • *Johann vergöttert sich mit Maria John idolize SE with Mary de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 35

  36. Three stages • Old Norse full reflexive naturalreflexive natural reciprocal • Polish • German full reflexive naturalreflexive full reflexive naturalreflexive full reciprocal natural reciprocal full reciprocal natural reciprocal de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 36

  37. Position of Reciprocal facilitative arbitrary full reflexive naturalreflexive anti-causative passive full reciprocal natural reciprocal de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 37

  38. Overview • SE’s semantic map • Initial modifications • From Agent to Patient • Reciprocals and semantic roles • Conclusions de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 38

  39. Conclusions • Semantic roles important for SE • Change from Agent to Patient • Two types of reciprocal facilitative arbitrary full reflexive naturalreflexive anti-causative passive full reciprocal natural reciprocal de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 39

  40. Thank you facilitative arbitrary full reflexive naturalreflexive anti-causative passive full reciprocal natural reciprocal

  41. Bergeton, Uffe. (2004). The independence of binding and intensification. PhD diss., University of Southern California. Dobrovie-Sorin, Carmen. (2006). “The SE-Anaphor and its Role in Argument Realization” in: Martin Everaert & Henk van Riemsdijk (eds.) The Blackwell Companion to Syntax, 118–179. Oxford: Blackwell. Faltz, Leonard 1985 Reflexivization: a study in universal syntax. London, New York: Garland. Gast, Volker & Florian Haas. forthcoming. “On reciprocal and reflexive uses of anaphors in German and other European languages” in: Ekkehard König & Volker Gast (eds.) Reciprocals and reflexives: cross-linguistic and theoretical explorations. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Juarros Daussà, Eva. 2001. The syntactic operator "se" in Spanish. Ms., UMass. Marelj, M. 2004. Middles and Argument Structure Across Languages. PhD diss., LOT, Utrecht. Naro, Anthony 1976. “The Genesis of the Reflexive Impersonal in Portuguese: A study in syntactic change as a surface phenomenon”. Language 52: 779-811. Tabakowska, E. 2003. “Those notorious Polish reflexive pronouns: a plea for middle voice.” Glossos 4.

  42. Position of Potential Passive Syntactic argument structure of SE-predicates Possibilities: Subject SE 1. Transitive Agent Patient 2. Unergative Agent - 3. Unaccusative Patient - (cf. Steinbach 2004; de Allencar & Kelling 2005; Reinhart & Siloni 2005; Rooryck & Vanden Wyngaerd 2008) de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 42

  43. Position of Potential Passive Steinbach 2004; de Allencar & Kelling 2005 Trans. Trans. Trans. full reflexive naturalreflexive anti-causative de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 43

  44. Position of Potential Passive Reinhart & Siloni 2005 Unerg. Unerg. Unacc. full reflexive naturalreflexive anti-causative de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 44

  45. Position of Potential Passive Rooryck & Vanden Wyngaerd 2008 Unacc. Unacc. Unacc. full reflexive naturalreflexive anti-causative de Schepper :: Role Reversal CFPDTL :: 29 May 08 Slide 45

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