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Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives on Personality

Trait. Aspects of personality that are relatively consistent. Personality. Individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Social-Cognitive Perspective. Perspective stating that understanding personality involves: considering how people are affected by a particular situation,

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Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives on Personality

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    1. Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives on Personality

    2. Trait Aspects of personality that are relatively consistent

    3. Personality Individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

    4. Social-Cognitive Perspective Perspective stating that understanding personality involves: considering how people are affected by a particular situation, by what they have learned, by how they think and by how they interact socially

    5. The Trait Perspective

    6. Ancient Greek Traits Ancient Greeks classified four personality traits Sanguine (cheerful) Melancholic (depressed) Choleric (irritable) Phlegmatic (unemotional) Felt these were caused by humor (body fluids)

    7. The Trait Perspective: Identifying Traits

    8. Gordon Allport (1897-1967) American psychologist and trait theorist who researched the idea that individual personalities are unique Stressed importance of studying mentally healthy people Resisted the idea of finding “personality law” that would apply to everyone

    9. Raymond Cattell (1905-1998) English psychologist who researched whether some traits predicted others Proposed 16 key personality dimensions or factors to describe personality Each factor was measured on a continuum

    10. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors

    11. Hans Eysenck (1916-1997) German psychologist who researched the genetically-influenced dimensions of personality Two major dimensions: Introversion/Extraversion Emotionally Unstable/Stable

    12. Eysencks’ Personality Factors

    13. Eysencks’ Personality Factors

    14. Eysencks’ Personality Factors

    15. Eysencks’ Personality Factors

    16. Eysencks’ Personality Factors

    17. Eysencks’ Personality Factors

    18. The Trait Perspective: The “Big Five” Traits

    19. The “Big Five” Traits Conscientiousness Agreeableness Neuroticism (emotional stability vs. instability) Openness Extraversion

    20. The “Big Five” Traits

    21. The “Big Five” Traits

    22. The “Big Five” Traits

    23. The “Big Five” Traits

    24. The “Big Five” Traits

    25. The “Big Five” Traits

    26. The Trait Perspective: Testing for Traits

    27. Personality Inventories Questionnaires on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors Used to assess selected personality traits Often true-false, agree-disagree, etc. types of questions

    28. Validity Extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is suppose to test Personality inventories offer greater validity than do projective tests (e.g. Rorschach; used by proponents of the humanistic perspective).

    29. Reliability Extent to which a test yields consistent results, regardless of who gives the test or when or where it is given Personality inventories are more reliable than projective tests.

    30. MMPI Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Most clinically-used personality test Originally designed to assess emotional disorders Use for many screening purposes 500 total questions

    31. MMPI Scoring Profile

    32. MMPI-2 Revised and updated version of the MMPI Assesses test takers on 10 clinical scales and 15 content scales Sometimes the MMPI-2 is not used as it was intended.

    33. The Trait Perspective: Evaluating the Trait Perspective

    34. Evaluating the Trait Perspective Does not take into account how the situation influences a person’s behavior Doesn’t explain why the person behaves as they do--just how they behave

    35. The Social-Cognitive Perspective

    36. Albert Bandura (1925- ) Canadian-American psychologist who developed the social-cognitive perspective Believed that to understand personality one must consider the situation and the person’s thoughts before, during, and after an event People learn by observing and modeling others or through reinforcement

    37. The Social-Cognitive Perspective: Interacting with Our Environment

    38. Reciprocal Determinism: Three Factors Shape Personality The mutual influences between personality and environmental factors An interaction of three factors: Thoughts or cognitions The environment A person’s behaviors

    39. Reciprocal Determinism

    40. The Social-Cognitive Perspective: Personal Control

    41. External Locus of Control Perception that chance, or forces beyond a your control, control your fate

    42. Internal Locus of Control Perception that you control your own fate

    43. Learned Helplessness Hopeless feelings when an animal or human can’t avoid repeated bad events Martin Seligman studied dogs that were unable to escape a painful stimulus and eventually stopped trying to escape.

    44. Learned Helplessness

    45. Optimistic Explanatory Style When something goes wrong the person explains the problem as: Temporary Not their fault Something limited to this situation

    46. Pessimistic Explanatory Style When something goes wrong the person tends to: Blame themselves Catastrophize the event See the problem as beyond their control

    47. Positive Psychology Movement in psychology that focuses on the study of optimal human functioning and the factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive Lead by Martin Seligman

    48. The Social-Cognitive Perspective: Assessing Behavior in Situations

    49. Assessing Personality Social-cognitive perspective would stress putting people into simulated actual conditions to determine how they would behave

    50. The Social-Cognitive Perspective: Evaluating the Perspective

    51. Social-Cognitive View Draws on learning and cognitive research Fails to consider the influence of emotions and motivation on behavior

    52. The End

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