Class Notes 17.2b (NB p. 23)

1. New war-time roles for women – Clara Barton – Mary Ann Bickerdyce – Susie King Taylor – Harriet Tubman – Belle Boyd – Rose Greenhow – Sarah Rosetta Wakeman – Andersonville, Georgia – Elmira, New York – Causes of death for prisoners of war – Class Notes 17.2b (NB p. 23) Skip two blank lines between each one!

2. Lesson 17.2b –Women and Prisoners of War Today we will describe how women aided the war effort and discuss the conditions endured by prisoners of war.

3. Vocabulary • counterpart – someone doing as you do, but on the other team or side • exposure – effects of being without protection from the weather • dwarfed – made to seem small by comparison

4. Check for Understanding • What are we going to do today? • Give an example of suffering from exposure. • Name someone who dwarfs you. • Who is Mr. Murray’s counterpart?

5. What We Already Know Thousands of men, North and South, left their farms and offices to serve in the armed forces.

6. What We Already Know In the North, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation led tens of thousands of African Americans to join the Union army.

7. What We Already Know Before the Civil War, few women worked outside their homes.

8. Women Aid the War Effort With so many men away at war, women in both the North and the South assumed increased responsibilities. Read aloud with me!

9. Women Aid the War Effort Read aloud with me! Women plowed fields and ran farms and plantations.

10. Women Aid the War Effort They also took over jobs in offices and factories that had previously been done only by men.

11. Women Aid the War Effort Other social changes came about because of the thousands of women who served on the front lines as volunteer workers and nurses.

12. Women Aid the War Effort Relief agencies put women to work washing clothes, gathering supplies, and cooking food for soldiers.

13. Women Aid the War Effort Battlefield nursing, which was once done only by men, became a respectable profession for many women during the Civil War.

14. Women Aid the War Effort Women also played a key role as spies in both the North and the South. Read aloud with me!

15. Get your whiteboards and markers ready!

16. 12. What new roles were taken on by women during the Civil War? • Nursing • Holding positions in the government • Cooking and laundering for soldiers • Working on farms and plantations • Working in offices and factories • Spying for the government Choose the one that is NOT true!

17. Women Aid the War Effort Before the Civil War, most military nurses were men, like the poet Walt Whitman.

18. Women Aid the War Effort By the end of the war, around 3,000 nurses had worked under the leadership of Dorothea Dix in Union hospitals.

19. Women Aid the War Effort • Trained as a schoolteacher, Clara Barton was working for the government when the Civil War began. • She organized a relief agency to help with the war effort. • “While our soldiers stand and fight,” she said, “I can stand and feed and nurse them.” • She also made food for soldiers in camp and tended to the wounded and dying on the battlefield.

20. Women Aid the War Effort • At Antietam, she held a doctor’s operating table steady as cannon shells burst all around them. • The doctor called her “the angel of the battlefield.” • After the war, Barton founded the American Red Cross.

21. Women Aid the War Effort • Mary Ann Bickerdyke was a widow who made herbal medicine before the war. • Her study of natural medicine, which stressed the benefits of clean water and cleanliness, is credited with saving more lives than all the army physicians. • Bickerdyke volunteered to clean tents, set up field kitchens and operate army laundries. She brewed hot soups and prepared nutritious meals in field kitchens.

22. Women Aid the War Effort • Known simply as “Mother” Bickerdyke, she followed the Union army and established more than 300 field hospitals to assist sick and wounded soldiers. • During battles, “Mother” Bickerdyke commonly risked her own life by searching for wounded soldiers on the battlefield.

23. Women Aid the War Effort • Susie King Taylor was an African-American woman who wrote an account of her experiences as a volunteer with an African-American regiment. • Married to a Negro soldier, she moved with her husband's regiment, serving as nurse and laundress, and teaching many of the black soldiers to read and write during their off-duty hours.

24. Women Aid the War Effort Like their Northern counterparts, Southern women were also active as nurses and as volunteers on the front. Read aloud with me!

25. Get your whiteboards and markers ready!

26. Which of the following women did NOT serve as a Civil War nurse? • Clara Barton • Sarah Rosetta Wakeman • Mary Ann Bickerdyce • Susie King Taylor

27. What did Clara Barton do after the war? • Helped to found the American Red Cross • Organized the World Health Organization • Became a wealthy businesswoman • Was appointed Surgeon General by the president

28. Women Aid the War Effort Women also played a key role as spies in both the North and the South.

29. Women Aid the War Effort Harriet Tubman served as a spy for Union forces along the coast of South Carolina. Read aloud with me!

30. Women Aid the War Effort • The most famous Confed–erate spy was Belle Boyd. • Although she was arrested six times, she continued her work through much of the war. • After the war, Boyd became an actress in England, but in 1869, she returned to the United States and began touring the country giving dramatic lectures about her life as a Civil War spy.

31. Women Aid the War Effort A popular Washington widow and hostess when the Civil War began, Rose Greenhow used her feminine charms to pass along to Confederate officials information on the defenses of Washington and Union troop movements.

32. Women Aid the War Effort She is credited with providing General P.G.T. Beauregard with information resulting in the Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861.

33. Women Aid the War Effort • Both the Union and Confed–erate armies rejected the enlistment of women. • Women who wanted to serve in the army disguised themselves as men and assumed masculine names. • Because many of them successfully passed as men, it is impossible to know with any certainty how many women served in the Civil War.

34. Women Aid the War Effort • But at least 135 women soldiers are known to have fought in the Civil War disguised as men, although estimates believe the figure to be closer to 400. • Of these brave women fighting on both sides of the line was one named Sarah Rosetta Wakeman.

35. Women Aid the War Effort • Wakeman served from April 1862 and fought in the Battle of Pleasant Hill in April 1864. • She died from dysentery on later that year. • Her true gender was not known until Wakeman's many letters home were discovered many years later by a relative.

36. Women Aid the War Effort In some areas of the country, women formed Home Guards in order to protect the home front while the men and boys were gone. Read aloud with me!

37. Women Aid the War Effort Some of these groups consisted only of teenagers and young women, who practiced and drilled and made their own uniforms to look like those worn by male soldiers.

38. Get your whiteboards and markers ready!

39. Which of the following women did NOT serve as a Civil War spy? • Harriet Tubman • Belle Boyd • Mary Ann Bickerdyce • Rose Greenhow

40. Civil War Prison Camps Women caught spying were thrown into jail, but soldiers captured in battle suffered far more.

41. Civil War Prison Camps At prison camps in both the North and the South, prisoners of war faced terrible conditions.

42. Civil War Prison Camps • One of the worst prison camps in the North was in Elmira, New York. • In just one year, more than 24 percent of Elmira’s 12,121 prisoners died of sickness and exposure to severe weather.

43. Civil War Prison Camps • Conditions were also horrible in the South. • The camp with the worst reputation was at Andersonville, Georgia. • Built to hold 10,000 prisoners, at one point it housed 33,000. • A staggering 13,700 men died within thirteen months at Andersonville.

44. Civil War Prison Camps • Inmates had little shelter from the weather. • Most slept in holes scratched in the dirt. • Drinking water came from one tiny creek that also served as a sewer.

45. Civil War Prison Camps As many as 100 men per day died at Andersonville from starvation, disease, and exposure. Read aloud with me!

46. Civil War Prison Camps People who saw the camps were shocked by the condition of the soldiers, comparing them to mummified corpses.

47. Civil War Prison Camps Around 50,000 men died in Civil War prison camps. But this number was dwarfed by the number of dead on the battlefronts and even more from disease in army camps.

48. Get your whiteboards and markers ready!

49. What were two of the nation’s worst Civil War prison camps? • Bradenton, Maryland • Elmira, New York • Andersonville, Georgia • Paducah, Kentucky • Evansville, Indiana Be sure to choose TWO!

50. 13. Why did so many soldiers suffer and die behind enemy lines in places like Andersonville, Georgia and Elmira, New York? • They were army headquarters, and as such were targets for spies. • They were sites of early battles in which black troops led the attack. • They were prisoner–of–war camps, where soldiers suffered disease and starvation. • They were part of Lee's second invasion of the North.