Global South 2007

1. Global South 2007 Lecture 5:October 19, 2007 More on Aid How to Study

2. Sachs: ‘Why we should do it’ Main ideas: • Poverty creates instability • National security can not be achieved without ‘helping the poor’ • ‘We should help because we promised’ • A certain amount of resource transfer is necessary and will not affect the rich significantly

3. How to study Some general guidelines

4. Questions to focus on • Who are the authors and when are they writing? • Approach • Main ideas • Main thesis • Your reflections on the thesis • How does it connect to the other readings I have studied?

5. Cox: Approach ‘Theory is always for someone and for some purpose’ p.87. Problem-solving versus critical theory (see especially 1-5, pg.97)

6. Cox: Main ideas • Historical structures (focus on pp.97-103) • Historical structures are made up of particular types of relationships between ideas, material capabilities and Institutions • Three levels at which historical structures exist: state; social forces; world orders

7. Cox on hegemony • Think how Cox defines hegemony • Note p.103 – discussion on pax britannica • How does Cox explain Britain’s power?

8. Theorization from a feminist perspective Focus on: • Theoretical framework • Rethinking ‘Gender, race, identity in a global context’ (pp. 47-57) • Read especially carefully Box 4 and Box 5 • Think about how Box 4 connects to Cox

9. Cardoso and Faletto Approach: • They adopt a critical theory approach inspired by ideas of Marx • They emphasize historical specificities: that is, each nation or society has some specific characteristics deriving from its history. Colonizing countries and colonized countries have different histories and therefore we must analyze tje,m differently • They emphasize social relations: thus to them wage and profit both reflect social relations between workers and capitalists. (“Capital itself is the economic expression of a social relation; it requires the existence of a set of persons working by wage -selling its labor force- and another group owning machines and money to buy raw material and to pay wages and salaries”, p.13)

10. Cardoso and Faletto (2) Main ideas: • Dependency • Core-periphery • Internal and external causes of lack of development in the periphery • Marx argues that capital exploits labour. Dependency theorists argue that nations can also exploit other nations

11. Walter Rodney: Approach similar to dependency thinking, writes at the same time (late sixties, early seventies) Uses Marx’s idea of exploitation and applies it to nations

12. Rodney: main ideas • “Europe underdeveloped Africa” • Colonialism does not necessarily spread modernization in the colonized countries as it is claimed

13. Rostow: Approach Economic history – begins with empirical observations and tries to connect them through a causal argument Does not see societies as being historically specific, but in different stages of development

14. Rostow and Landes: Main ideas • Stages • Technology • Investment • Behavioural characteristics • Development as a linear process

15. Chang: Approach and main ideas Main ideas: ‘the ladder’: ‘kicking away’: The distinction between the ‘real’ history of capitalism and the ‘official’ history of capitalism Question: what kind of history is he constructing?

16. Important Note There is no alternative to attending lectures and tutorials on a regular basis