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Linguistics week 4

Linguistics week 4. Phonetics 2. Phonetics: the sounds of language. Not language-specific Describes sounds produced in any or all languages Phonology describes the sound patterns in particular languages, like English or Chinese For example This is how to make the sound [p]

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Linguistics week 4

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  1. Linguistics week 4 Phonetics 2

  2. Phonetics: the sounds of language • Not language-specific • Describes sounds produced in any or all languages • Phonology describes the sound patterns in particular languages, like English or Chinese • For example • This is how to make the sound [p] • The consonant cluster /pr/ is OK in English, not in Chinese

  3. Phones: sound segments • When we know a language, we can segment an utterance into phones • We can do this even though there is no break between phones • Cat has 3 phones • But we don’t say k—a—t • If we don’t know the language, we can’t do this segmentation • It just sounds like one continuous stream of sound • Actually all language is one continuous stream of sound • The tongue (and other moving parts) move gradually • They don’t jump between positions

  4. How many phones? Say them to your neighbor. • Dog? • Rabbit? • Phone • Knot • Comb • China

  5. Two kinds of phone: consonants and vowels • Consonants: air flow from lungs is obstructed in some way (p48) • Vowels: the air flows freely • This is why doctors ask for “aaaahhh” • Vowels are often represented in English spelling by a e i o u • But spelling  pronunciation (p40) • Chinese: • The consonants are ㄅㄆㄇㄈ… • The vowels are ㄚㄛㄜㄝ… (but not always)

  6. Problems with consonant-vowel distinction • Glides (or semivowels) /j/ and /w/ don’t seem to involve much obstruction • but most linguists think of them as consonants (check page 46, Approximants) • ㄦ causes an obstruction, and is thought of as a consonant by linguists • Some of the ㄅㄆㄇ symbols often represent two phones, one consonant and one vowel • Can you say which?

  7. How many vowels? How many consonants? • dog? • rabbit? • phone • knot • comb • China • I • π • pine • long • 餓 • 他 • 龍 • 他們

  8. How many words, morphemes, syllables, consonants and vowels in the following? Count semivowels as consonants. • Greenhouse • Red houses • Women • 我們 • Those sheep • 老鼠 • 老太太 • 玻璃 • John drinks coffee • 他不喝咖啡

  9. Reading for next time • Chapter 5; and • Compare KK 音標 • http://www.ysjh.cy.edu.tw/nineone/eng/phonics/vowel.htm • with the US system used in our book • (tables on pages 45 &48) • write the differences you find in pencil in your book, if you want to

  10. Language presentations • 10-15 minutes • Talk about • Where? Who? How many? • Interesting facts about the language • Relationship with other languages • Sounds of the language • Morphology and syntax (= grammar) • You can use wikipedia and ethnologue to help you • BUT you must consult other websites too • You will get a better grade if you • Consult library books about the language, or about linguistics • Tell us which books and websites you used

  11. Articulatory phonetics • What does that mean? • What are the other two phases of signal transmission, please? • Classification of sounds in articulatory phonetics • First, we’ll look at consonants

  12. Describing (characterizing) consonants • First, airstream: • For all sounds in English and Mandarin, this is pulmonic egressive • Second, place of articulation • Listed in Yule chapter 5 • How would you describe the difference between [f], [θ] and [s]? • How about [p], [t] and [k]? (groups?)

  13. Third, voicing • Voiced and voiceless consonants • [f] and [v] are both bilabial • So what’s the difference? • [v] is voiced • The vocal folds open and close rapidly • (They vibrate) • [f] is voiceless • No vibration

  14. Voiced vs voiceless • Of course [v] does not exist in Mandarin • It does in Shanghai (因為 pronounced yinvei!) • Say both, and put your fingers on your larynx • [b] and [p] are voiced and voiceless respectively • [b] doesn’t exist in Mandarin either • In fact, there are very few voiced consonants in Mandarin

  15. Manner of articulation • Now, consider the difference between • [t] and [s] (these exist in Mandarin) • [d] and [z] (these don’t) • How about [p] and [m] • or [d] and [n]?

  16. Parameters for describing consonants • So far (this is not complete yet) we have • Airstream (usually the same for all consonants) • Place of articulation • Voicing • Manner of articulation • So, [p] is … • egressive pulmonic • bilabial • voiceless • plosive

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