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Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases

Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases. NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)?. Fig. 22.1. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases. AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)?. Fig. 22.1.

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Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases

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  1. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases NEW AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Fig. 22.1

  2. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Fig. 22.1

  3. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Fig. 22.1

  4. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Fig. 22.1

  5. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Respiratory surface - the site of gas diffusion (O2 in, CO2 out)

  6. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Respiratory surface – 4 properties 1.Made of cells 2. thin 3. must be moist (wet) 4. large surface area

  7. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Respiratory surface Four types of resp. organs in animals 1. Entire outer skin (“skin-breathers”) Fig. 22.2A - Annelida - What type of environment would you expect to find them? - Why must they be narrow and long? - How come all animals don’t “skin-breathe”? - What other organ system is a must with this type of resp. sys?

  8. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Respiratory surface Four types of resp. organs in animals 2. Gills - Aquatic animals - Why are they able to be outside the body? - The shape? Fig. 22.2B

  9. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Respiratory surface Four types of resp. organs in animals 2. Gills - Aquatic animals - Why are they able to be outside the body? - The shape? - Ventilation i. Energy Intensive – water is denser than air - Oxygen in water is 3-5% that of air i. Countercurrent flow (exchange) - Circulatory system needed Fig. 22.3 Fig. 22.4

  10. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Respiratory surface Four types of resp. organs in animals 2. Gills - Aquatic animals - Why are they able to be outside the body? - The shape? - Ventilation i. Energy Intensive – water is denser than air - Oxygen in water is 3-5% that of air i. Countercurrent flow (exchange) - Circulatory system needed Fig. 22.3 Fig. 22.4

  11. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Respiratory surface Four types of resp. organs in animals 2. Gills Fig. 22.3 Fig. 22.4

  12. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Respiratory surface Four types of resp. organs in animals 3. Tracheal system Fig. 22.4C - Why is the system now within the body? - Easier to breathe air than water. - Insects (class of arthropoda) i. Tracheal system - tracheae - tracheoles

  13. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Respiratory surface Four types of resp. organs in animals Fig. 22.5C 3. Tracheal system - Why are they now within the body? - Easier to breathe air than water. - Insects (class of arthropoda) i. Tracheal system - tracheae - tracheoles - air sacs (spiracles) ii. Circulatory system? Fig. 22.5A

  14. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Respiratory surface Four types of resp. organs in animals Fig. 22.5B 3. Tracheal system - Why are they now within the body? - Easier to breathe air than water. - Insects (class of arthropoda) i. Tracheal system - tracheae - tracheoles - air sacs (spiracles) ii. Circulatory system NOT involved Fig. 22.5A

  15. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Respiratory surface Four types of resp. organs in animals 4. Lungs - Terrestrial Vertebrates - Restricted to one part of body Fig. 22.2D i. What other system do we need?

  16. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Respiratory surface Four types of resp. organs in animals 4. Lungs - Terrestrial Vertebrates - Restricted to one part of body i. What other system do we need? - Special Case i. Amphibians a. Small lungs b. Also uses body surfaces

  17. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Respiratory surface Four types of resp. organs in animals 4. Lungs Which type of organisms would you predict to have a greater lung surface area, endotherms or ectotherms? Explain. Endotherms (warm-blooded) need to maintain their body temperatures and therefore will need to perform a greater number of chemical reactions to generate heat = more oxygen needed and more CO2 generated.

  18. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Respiratory surface of single celled organisms?

  19. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Human respiration Fig. 22.6A

  20. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Human respiration Fig. 22.6A - surface area = 100m2 - Respiratory Path

  21. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Human respiration - surface area = 100m2 - Respiratory Path 1. Nasal Cavity (nostril breathing) Air is: a. Filtered by hairs/mucus/cilia b. Warmed or cooled to 1 degree within body temp. as to not disrupt fluidity of membranes of epithelial cells of lungs (alveoli). c. Humidified to keep respiratory surface (alveoli) from drying out. d. Sampled for odors

  22. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Human respiration - surface area = 100m2 - Respiratory Path 1. Nasal Cavity (nostril breathing) 2. Pharynx i. Tonsils and Adenoids

  23. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Human respiration - surface area = 100m2 - Respiratory Path 1. Nasal Cavity (nostril breathing) 2. Pharynx - voice box 3. larynx • Vocal cords b. Surrounded by cartilage (adam’s apple)

  24. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Human respiration - surface area = 100m2 - Respiratory Path 1. Nasal Cavity (nostril breathing) 2. Pharynx - voice box 3. larynx a. Vocal cords 4. Trachea

  25. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Human respiration - surface area = 100m2 - Respiratory Path 1. Nasal Cavity (nostril breathing) 2. Pharynx - voice box 3. larynx a. Vocal cords 4. Trachea

  26. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Human respiration - surface area = 100m2 - Respiratory Path 1. Nasal Cavity (nostril breathing) 2. Pharynx - voice box 3. larynx a. Vocal cords 4. Trachea a. Enforced with rings of cartilage like a vacuum cleaner hose to prevent collapse when breathing due to drop in pressure b. Lined with ciliated cells and mucus producing goblet cells. Mucus producing cells secrete mucus, which lines the trachea and traps dust/bacteria/viruses/etc… and the ciliated cells use their cilia to push the mucus up the trachea into the pharynx to be swallowed and digested. This is always happening.

  27. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Human respiration - surface area = 100m2 - Respiratory Path 1. Nasal Cavity (nostril breathing) 2. Pharynx - voice box 3. larynx a. Vocal cords 4. Trachea 5. Bronchi 6. Bronchioles

  28. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Human respiration - surface area = 100m2 - Respiratory Path 1. Nasal Cavity (nostril breathing) 2. Pharynx - voice box 3. larynx a. Vocal cords 4. Trachea 5. Bronchi 6. Bronchioles 7. Alveoli – dead end - Site of diffusion - millions per lung - Simple squamos epithelium Fig. 22.6B - The respiratory surface

  29. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Human respiration - surface area = 100m2 - Respiratory Path 1. Nasal Cavity (nostril breathing) 2. Pharynx - voice box 3. larynx a. Vocal cords 4. Trachea 5. Bronchi 6. Bronchioles 7. Alveoli Fig. 22.6C - site of diffusion - millions per lung Alveoli in yellow interacting with capillaries in red (notice the surface area) - Simple squamos epithelium - resp. surface

  30. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Smoking - 43 carcinogens - destroy cilia and macrophages (type of WBC that fights infection) - coughing becomes last line of defense - 430,000 people die a year (more than the sum of deaths caused by AIDS, alcohol, drug abuse, traffic accidents and murders) - lung cancer

  31. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Smoking - 43 carcinogens - destroy cilia and macrophages - coughing becomes last line of defense - 430,000 people die a year (more than the sum of deaths caused by AIDS, alcohol, drug abuse, traffic accidents and murders) - lung cancer - emphysema i. Toxins trapped in lungs cause inflammation ii. Inflammatory chemicals released by your own cells break down walls of alveoli leading to collapse iii. Not getting enough oxygen into blood, leads to hyperventilation iv. Blood vessels near damage constrict to divert blood to working regions of lungs v. Heart needs to beat harder, gets thicker/larger and eventually fails

  32. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Bronchitis -itis: Suffix denoting diseases characterized by inflammation itself often caused by an infection.

  33. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Asthma 1. An immune response brought about by white blood cells in the lungs reacting to foreign although otherwise harmless substances (allergens) or rapid-mouth breathing during exercise (genetic and environmental). 2. Breathing passages (bronchi) become inflamed (swollen, red, warm) and smooth muscle around bronchi constrict (bronchospasm). 3. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breathe. 4. In the end, the precise cause is not known

  34. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Asthma Treatment Β2-andrenergic agonists albuterol Adrenaline (epinephrine)

  35. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Breathing - Ventilates the lungs i. Diaphragm and intercostal (between rib) muscles contract - Negative pressure breathing When the muscle contract (diaphragm contracts downward and the intercostals pull the ribs toward each other), the volume of the lungs increases, which decreases the pressure inside the lungs (fewer collisions of air molecules with the walls of the bronchi, alveoli, etc…) causing higher pressure air to rush in. Fig. 22.8A

  36. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? How is breathing controlled? - Some conscious control - Predominantly Involuntary a. Breathing control centers - coordinates respiratory and circulatory system with metabolic needs of body i. pons ii. medulla - monitors pH - indirect measure of CO2 CO2 + H2O H2CO3 (carbonic acid) The more CO2 in the blood… …the more acidic it is.

  37. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? How is breathing controlled? - Some conscious control - Predominantly Involuntary a. Breathing control centers - coordinates respiratory and circulatory system with metabolic needs of body i. pons ii. medulla - monitors pH - indirect measure of CO2 As the blood gets more acidic (lower pH), proteins on the surface of medulla cells change shape and the cells will signal the diaphragm to contract more frequenlty (breathe heavier).

  38. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? How is breathing controlled? - Some conscious control - Predominantly Involuntary a. Breathing control centers - coordinates respiratory and circulatory system with metabolic needs of body i. pons ii. medulla - monitors pH - indirect measure of CO2 increases As pH decreases, breathing _________.

  39. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? How is breathing controlled? - Some conscious control - Predominantly Involuntary a. Breathing control centers - coordinates respiratory and circulatory system with metabolic needs of body Oxygen sensing by the aortic body 1. There are also a bunch of cells in the aorta that sense O2 levels. 2. Blood in the aorta just came from the lungs and should be fully oxygenated. 3. Neural signals sent to pons/medulla, which will send signal to diaphragm. 4. This signal is much less important than the pH signal.

  40. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? How is breathing controlled? Story: As you run, your muscle cells (majority of your cells) are using a great deal of O2 and producing CO2. The CO2 enters the blood and combines with H2O to make H2CO3 catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase. The H2CO3 will dissociate (fall apart) to H+ + HCO3- resulting in a slight decrease in the pH of the blood. carbonic anhydrase CO2 + H2O H2CO3 (carbonic acid) The pons/medulla respiratory center cells senses this drop in pH by a change in the shape of the proteins on their surface signally the cells to send a neural signal to the diaphragm to increase the frequency of contractions.

  41. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? How is breathing controlled? Story (continued): At the same time, the aortic body senses a decrease in oxygen and also sends a signal to the pons/medulla with the same result as before. This signal is not a strong/important as the drop in pH. The exact opposite happens if you hyperventilate (breathe in and out quickly). CO2 concentrations drop , pH rises and pons/medulla does not send a signal to breathe…can be very dangerous and deaths have been known to be a result.

  42. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)?

  43. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? How is oxygen transported? X 50,000,000,000 per human 250,000,000 / RBC 1. Very little dissolved in blood 2. Carried by hemoglobin - 4 subunits (polypeptides) - 1 heme per subunit - 1 O2 per heme

  44. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? How is CO2 transported? Fig. 21.11 1. Dissolve in blood as gas 2. some binds to hemoglobin 3. Remainder forms H2CO3 via carbonic anhydrase inside RBC’s i. H2CO3 is a buffer and helps buffer blood at pH ~7.4

  45. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Gas exchange in the fetus…

  46. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Gas exchange in the fetus… The placenta is the only human organ made of tissue from two different organisms…the mother and the child. 1. The fetus’ heart will pump blood through the fetus and out to the placenta via the umbilical cord. 2. In the placenta, the gas and nutrient exchange will occur via diffusion (mom’s and baby’s blood DO NOT MIX). 3. The blood then returns to the fetus. The placenta acts like the “lungs” and “kidneys”. 4. The mother will then get rid of the CO2 via the lungs and nitrogenous waste (urea) via the kidneys.

  47. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Gas exchange in the fetus… What about the fetus’ feces? - There is no feces, did the fetus ever eat anything?

  48. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? 1. Respiration a. Respiratory surface - moist, large surface area, thin, made of cells b. Types of systems - skin breathers - gills - tracheal system - lungs c. Human respiration - nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles - alveoli - the resp. surface of lungs d. smoking - lung cancer and emphysema e. breathing - diaphragm, intercostal muscles, negative pressure breathing

  49. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? f. Breathing control - control centers - pons, medulla of brain stem - medulla monitors pH -Indirect measure of CO2 - sends neural signals to diaphragm and intercostals - bromothymol blue g. Transport of O2 and CO2 - RBC’s - hemoglobin - heme cofactor containing iron - iron binds oxygen h. Transport of CO2 - dissolved in blood, as carbonic acid, bound to hemoglobin (not at the iron) i. Fetal respiration

  50. Chapter 22: Respiration: The Exchange of Gases AIM: How have different organisms evolved to perform gas exchange (respiration)? Watch tutorial under misc section of website

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