1 / 29

Chapter 2 An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology

Chapter 2 An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology. One-Dimensional vs. Multidimensional Models. One-Dimensional Models (single Paradigm) A conceptual approach Could mean an emphasis on a specific cause of abnormal behavior Problems occur when information from other areas is ignored

ansel
Download Presentation

Chapter 2 An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 2An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology

  2. One-Dimensional vs. Multidimensional Models • One-Dimensional Models (single Paradigm) • A conceptual approach • Could mean an emphasis on a specific cause of abnormal behavior • Problems occur when information from other areas is ignored • Multidimensional Models (draws from multiple paradigms) • Interdisciplinary, eclectic, and integrative • “System” of influences that cause and maintain suffering • Draws upon information from several sources • View abnormal behavior as multiply determined

  3. Multidimensional Models of Abnormal Behavior • Biological Factors (genetics, physiology, neurobiology) • Learning Factors (conditioning, modeling) • Emotional Factors • Cognitive Factors • Social Factors • Cultural Factors

  4. Multidimensional Models of Abnormal Behavior (cont.) Figure 2.1 Judy’s case one-dimensional or multidimensional models

  5. Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology • Biological Paradigm • Phenotype vs. genotype

  6. The Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Effects • Gene-Environment Interactions • The Diathesis-Stress Model • Predisposition • Stress

  7. Ways to study Behavioral Genetics • Family Method • Index cases • Twin Studies • DZ • MZ • Adoptees Method

  8. Neuroscience Contributions to Psychopathology • The Field of Neuroscience • The role of the nervous system in disease and behavior • The Central Nervous System (CNS) • Brain and spinal cord • The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Somatic and autonomic branches

  9. Neuroscience Contributions to Psychopathology (cont.) Figure 2.4 Divisions of the nervous system (from Goldstein, 1994)

  10. Neuroscience and the Central Nervous System • The Neuron • Soma – Cell body • Dendrites – Branches that receive messages from other neurons • Axon – Trunk of neuron that sends messages to other neurons • Axon terminals – Buds at end of axon from which chemical messages are sent • Synapses – Small gaps that separate neurons • Neurons Function Electrically, but Communicate Chemically • Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers

  11. Neuroscience and the Central Nervous System (cont.) Figure 2.5 Transmission of information from one neuron to another

  12. Neuroscience: Functions of MainTypes of Neurotransmitters • Functions of Neurotransmitters • Agonists • Antagonists

  13. Neuroscience: Functions of MainTypes of Neurotransmitters • Main Types and Functions of Neurotransmitters • Serotonin (SSRIs & St. John’s wort) - • Regulates behaviors, moods, thoughts • Tx Depression by ^ serotonin • Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and benzodiazepines • Reduces postsynaptic activity, which inhibits behavior and emotions • Tx Anxiety by ^ GABA • Norepinephrine and beta blockers • Tx block receptors of norepinephrine reduces Arousal & anxiety • Dopamine • Tx Schizophrenia by blocking receptors (lowers Dop)

  14. Neuroscience: Functions of MainTypes of Neurotransmitters (cont.) Figure 2.11 Manipulating serotonin in the brain

  15. Neuroscience and the Divisions of the Brain • Hindbrain • Medulla – Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration • Pons – Regulates sleep stages • Cerebellum – Involved in physical coordination • Midbrain • Coordinates movement with sensory input • Contains parts of the reticular activating system (RAS)

  16. Neuroscience and the Brain Structure • Limbic System • Thalamus – Receives and integrates sensory information • Hypothalamus – Controls eating, drinking, aggression, sexual activity • Regulates emotions and expressions

  17. Neuroscience and the Divisions of the Brain Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex) • Location of most sensory, emotional, and cognitive processing • Two specialized hemispheres (left and right) joined by the corpus callosum

  18. Neuroscience and the Brain Structure • Lobes of Cerebral Cortex • Frontal – Thinking and reasoning abilities, memory • Parietal – Touch recognition • Occipital – Integrates visual input • Temporal – Recognition of sounds and long-term memory storage

  19. Neuroscience: Peripheral Nervous and Endocrine Systems • Somatic Branch of PNS • Controls voluntary muscles and movement • Autonomic Branch of the PNS • Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS • Regulates cardiovascular system & body temperature • Also regulates the endocrine system and aids in digestion • The Endocrine System • Hormones

  20. Neuroscience: Peripheral Nervous andEndocrine Systems (cont.) Figure 2.9 Location of some of the major endocrine glands

  21. EVALUATING THE BIOLOGICAL PARADIGM • Biological researchers have made great progress in elucidating brain‑behavior relationships. • Biologically based research on both causes and treatment of psychopathology is proceeding at a rapid rate, as we will see when we discuss specific psychopathologies • Caution against reductionism • The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

  22. The Contributions of Behavioral and Cognitive Science • Conditioning and Cognitive Processes • Respondent and operant learning • Learned helplessness • Modeling and vicarious learning • Prepared learning • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy • Beck • Cognitive distortions • Ellis • Irrational beliefs

  23. EVALUATING THE COGNITIVE PARADIGM • Interventions based on cognitive theories have received more empirical research support than any other intervention. • Cognitive explanations of psychopathology tend to focus more on current determinants of a disorder and less on its cause.

  24. The Role of Emotion in Psychopathology • The Nature of Emotion • To motivate us • Action tendency different from affect and mood • Intimately tied with several forms of psychopathology • Components of Emotion • Behavior, physiology, and cognition • Example of fear • Harmful Side of Emotional Dysregulation

  25. The Role of Emotion in Psychopathology (cont.) Figure 2.15 Emotion has three important and overlapping components: behavior, cognition, and physiology

  26. Cultural and Social Factors in Psychopathology • Cultural Factors • Influence the form and expression of normal and abnormal behavior • Gender Effects • Exerts a strong and puzzling effect on psychopathology • Social Relationships • Frequency and quality related to mortality, disease, and psychopathology • Stigma

  27. Life-Span and DevelopmentalInfluences Over Psychopathology • Life-Span Developmental Perspective • Addresses developmental changes • Such changes influence and constrain what is normal and abnormal • The Principle of Equifinality • Several paths to a given outcome • Paths may operate differentially at different developmental stages

  28. Summary of the MultidimensionalPerspective of Psychopathology • Multiple Causation • Is the rule, not the exception in explaining normal and abnormal behavior • Take a Broad, Comprehensive, Systemic Perspective • Addressing biological, psychological, social, cultural, and developmental factors • Useful in Understanding the Causes of Psychopathology and its Alleviation

More Related