A Framework for Data and Information Sharing in Global Agricultural Research

1. A Framework for Data and Information Sharing in Global Agricultural Research Ajit Maru GFAR Secretariat Rome

2. Outline • Development of CIARD framework • What data and information are and could be shared? • Reusability of shared information • Interoperability • Action areas for A Framework for Data and Information Sharing – Technical, Institutional and for Community participation

3. Why share data and information globally? Recognition that the most important challenges to agricultural development such as from • Climate change, • Need for sustainable use of natural resources and energy • Preventing spread of trans-boundary disease and pests • Loss of Agro-biodiversity cannot be tackled without improved and enhanced sharing of data, information and knowledge globally

4. Why share data and information globally? Benefits of improved information sharing: • Available information and knowledge can be more easily discovered and put into effective use; • New information and knowledge can be generated, • Market failure” or inability to make effective use of research outputs is reduced; • Efficiency and effectiveness of research and innovation is increased, and duplication is reduced; • Greater inclusiveness and participation in research and innovation is fostered.

5. Why share data and information globally? Benefits of improved information sharing: • Sharing of data and knowledge ushers greater equity in access and use of agricultural knowledge across and among communities and can lead to greater equity in the benefits of development efforts.

6. Development of Framework • CIARD partners did basic groundwork and organized two International Consultations : • Electronic Consultations on E-Agriculture in April 2011 • Face to Face Consultation at Beijing, China in June 2011

7. What data and information are and could be shared? • Data already shared: • Bibliographical descriptions of research outputs (e.g. www.fao.org/agris); • Information about standards, tools, services, datasets, and events (e.g. www.fao.org/aims, www.ciard.net/ring, and www.agrifeeds.org); • Data on plant genetic resources (e.g. www.sgrp.cgiar.org, www.genesys-pgr.org); agricultural science and technology indicators (e.g. www.asti.cgiar.org); • Agricultural factsheets and e-books (e.g. www.cabi.org/cabebooks); locally produced research re-packaged for wide dissemination (e.g. www.gains.org.gh); • Soil and land-use maps (e.g. INRA Morocco); and remote sensing data (e.g. AREA Yemen).

8. What data and information are and could be shared? • Data that can be shared: • Research Data: Raw data, Processed data, Information Objects • Research Data with Farmers • “Hidden”Knowledge such as through social media; blogs, presentations, minutes etc • Sharing with machines

10. What data and information are and could be shared? • Sharing with machines through existing protocols and formats such as: • Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) for sharing metadata records; • Linked Open Data (LOD) for integrating information between many sites; • Rich Site Summary (RSS) for distributing news items on the Web • Resource Description Framework (RDF) for describing information in a form that is easy to integrate.

11. Reusability of shared information • The potential value of any given information to someone else is not always obvious, so some people recommend erring on the side of sharing “everything”. • Intelligent aggregators can sift through well-tagged chunks of information, extracting and re-packaging the information for new audiences or purposes (example: the extensionist who merely needs one photo from a long report) or re-packaged for different target audiences.

12. Reusability of shared information • Downside of sharing too much information • Spreading resources that are already too thin • Doubtful quality • Information is needed about what is being shared, preferably ranked for completeness and quality for the benefit both of information consumers and of creators of value-added services.

13. Interoperability Interoperability is a feature of datasets— and of information services that give access to datasets— whereby data can easily be retrieved, processed, re-used, and re-packaged (“operated”) by other systems.

14. Interoperability • The less pre-coordination required to achieve this, the more “interoperable” the source. • Interoperability ensures that distributed data can be exchanged and re-used among partners without needing to centralize data storage or adopt common software. • “Mashing up” data from multiple sources can lead to new insights about relationships between factors such as weather, markets, crops, and geographic location. • Interoperable data can more easily be pulled together into specialized services, such as crop portals and virtual research environments.

15. Interoperability • Through Closed Systems – Google, Facebook • Through “Open” Systems – Web 3.0 or Semantic Web standards • Globally unique names (identifiers) for things or Unique Resource Identifiers (URIs) • Common “grammar” for data – RDF, Linked Open Data • Use of shared vocabularies - Agrovoc

16. Emerging Tools, Standards and Infrastructures Five steps to open data and information • 1 star - *- Your content is available on the Web, in whatever format, under open licenses • 2 star -**- Your content is available as machine-readable structured data[i.e. MS Excel table is better than an image of the same] • 3 star-***- Your content is available in non-proprietary formats[i.e. Comma-Separated-Values (CSV) format in preference to MS Excel] • 4 star-****- You use RDF standards and URLs (URIs) to identify your content so that people can point to it. • 5 star -*****-Your content is linked through RDF to other people’s content to provide context and add value.

17. An RDF Graph illustrating URIs For details: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-primer/

18. RDF Class Schema and Relationships

19. Action Areas for a Framework for Data and Information Sharing A framework for sharing of agriculture-related data and information has three dimensions around • Technical aspects and technologies, • Institutional and organizational aspects, and • Participation of the community of actors and users of the data and information shared.

20. Action Areas for a Framework for Data and Information Sharing Action Areas –Technical • Services, Tools and Infrastructure – CIARD.RING, Tools Wiki • Standards & Systems Architecture – FAO-AIMS, open standards for protocols, ontologies, vocabularies that are used across domains, and engage the wider community with the process for setting open standards. • CIARD partners working on Agrotagger, Agrifeeds, AgriVIVO, CIARD.RING Interface improvement, support for Ontology and Thesaurii development

21. Action Areas for a Framework for Data and Information Sharing Action Areas –Organization/Institutional • Fill capacity gaps in technical aspects of data interoperability and in practical methods for managing and migrating data • Advocate change in Institutions, Organizational culture and processes

22. Action Areas for a Framework for Data and Information Sharing Action Areas –Organizational/Institutional • Appropriate Policies, Strategies, Rules, Regulations, Norms • Change in Organizational Structures especially reward and accountability and research funding • Embedding data and information sharing in work processes • New Institutions for Governance of Information Flows

23. Action Areas for a Framework for Data and Information Sharing Action Areas –Community Participation • Involve all actors and stakeholders • Policy makers, Research managers, Scientists, Users, Producers, Market Intermediaries, Consumers etc., • Involve Community to “pull” information such as done by Social Media, Google and Bing Maps, Services Reviews etc.,

24. Action Areas for a Framework for Data and Information Sharing Action Areas –Community Participation • Generate evidence for advocacy We need to create an initial mass of services – a web of data related to agriculture • Greater participation in CIARD and use of CIARD Pathways • Strengthen CIARD Community for Advocacy and Action

25. Thank You