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FOOD CHAINS & WEBS

FOOD CHAINS & WEBS. the ultimate energy source. Energy Flow in Ecosystems. Energy flows from where into the biological world?. Energy Flow. How does the sun’s energy enter the biological world?. What is photosynthesis?. Energy Flow.

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FOOD CHAINS & WEBS

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  1. FOOD CHAINS & WEBS

  2. the ultimate energy source

  3. Energy Flow in Ecosystems Energy flows from where into the biological world?

  4. Energy Flow • How does the sun’s energy enter the biological world? • What is photosynthesis?

  5. Energy Flow • The sun’s energy flows into organisms that can change the sunlight into food then into organisms that eat them. • This flow is: sunlight producer consumer 1 consumer 2

  6. Word to Know consumer producer omnivore detritivore herbivore decomposer carnivore autotroph heterotroph

  7. PRODUCERS • What are producers? • Autotrophs that trap solar energy into organic molecules during photosynthesis; can produce their own food • Ex. Plants, algae and some bacteria `` sunlight producer consumer 1 consumer 2

  8. CONSUMERS • What are consumers? • Heterotrophs that eat other organisms to obtain energy • Examples: deer, rabbits, cows, mice, lions, humans, hawks, snakes sunlight producer consumer 1 consumer 2

  9. HERBIVORES • What are herbivores? • Organisms that eat plants • Primary Consumers • Ex. Cows, caterpillars, bunnies sunlight producer consumer 1 consumer 2

  10. CARNIVORES • What are carnivores? • Organisms that eat meat (other animals/consumers) • Secondary Consumers • Ex. tigers, wolves, snakes, hawks sunlight producer consumer 1 consumer 2

  11. TOP CARNIVORES • What is a top-level carnivore? • Top-level carnivores eat secondary consumers; usually nothing feeds on them • Ex. killer whale eating a sea lion or hawk eating a snake. consumer 3 sunlight producer consumer 1 consumer 2

  12. OMNIVORES • What are omnivores? • Consumers that eat both plants and animals • Primary and Secondary Consumers • Ex. bears and humans

  13. Where do allthe dead things go? • They are eaten. YUMMMM! • They decay. SMELLY! decomposer detritivore

  14. Detritivore vs Decomposers • Detritivores and decomposers both feed on the remains of dead plants and animals and other dead matter (detritus) • They rely on dead tissues for nutrients. detritivore decomposer

  15. Detritivorevs Decomposers • Detritivores eat the remains of dead plants and animals • Decomposers breakdown (decay) organic matter and feed on it Crabs, mites, earthworms, snails Bacteria & fungi

  16. Detritivorevs Decomposers • What is a scavenger? • A scavengers is a type of detritivore that feeds on carrion (dead animal remains). Ex. vultures, sharks, maggots, hyenas

  17. Detritivorevs Decomposers • Why would they be called the environmental “recyclers”? • They decompose excrement, dead bodies and leaf litter, returning nutrients to the physical environment. decomposer consumer 3 sunlight producer consumer 1 consumer 2

  18. Energy Flow • The series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten is called a Food Chain sunlight producer consumer 1 consumer 2

  19. Food Chains & Food Webs • The steps in the transfer of energy from organism to organism in feeding relationships are called Trophic Levels. • How does a food chain describe this path of energy? (arrows) producer consumer 1 consumer 2 consumer 3

  20. Food Chains & Food Webs • Name the number of the trophic levels in the food chain below. • How do the trophic level numbers correspond with the “eating terms”? producer consumer 1 consumer 2 consumer 3 Trophic Level 1 2 3 4

  21. Food Chains & Food Webs • What important energy transfer is not shown in a food chain? • Why is it that some energy is lost from one level to the next level? • How much energy is actually passed on to the next level? (rule of thumb) producer consumer 1 consumer 2 consumer 3

  22. Food Chains & Food Webs • What vital “recycler” is not shown in this food chain? • Upon which organism(s) would it feed? decomposer producer consumer 1 consumer 2 consumer 3

  23. Food Chains & Food Webs • If all of the snakes in this chain died, what would happen to the hawk? • To the decomposers? decomposer producer consumer 1 consumer 2 consumer 3

  24. Food Chains & Food Webs • Most organisms feed on more than one trophic level and feed on several different species at each trophic level. This is a food web.

  25. Antarctic Food Web

  26. Making a Food Web • Use these organisms for Food Chains and Food Web Practice worksheet.

  27. Ecological Pyramids

  28. Hawk (1 kcal) Snake (10 kcal) Frog (100 kcal) Grasshopper (1,000 kcal) 5 Grass (10,000 kcal) 4 3 2 1 Ecological Pyramids • Instead of representing trophic levels in a food web, an ecological pyramid can be used.

  29. Hawk (1 kcal) Snake (10 kcal) Frog (100 kcal) Grasshopper (1,000 kcal) 5 Grass (10,000 kcal) 4 3 2 1 Ecological Pyramids • Does this pyramid represent a food chain or web? • How could this pyramid be changed to represent a food web?

  30. Hawk (1 kcal) Snake (10 kcal) Frog (100 kcal) Grasshopper (1,000 kcal) 5 Grass (10,000 kcal) 4 3 2 1 Ecological Pyramids • What do the big numbers represent? • What does the kcal mean?

  31. Hawk (1 kcal) Snake (10 kcal) Frog (100 kcal) Grasshopper (1,000 kcal) 5 Grass (10,000 kcal) 4 3 2 1 Pyramid of Energy • What happens to the energy as you go up? • How much energy is available for the next level? (What %)

  32. Hawk (1 kcal) Snake (10 kcal) Frog (100 kcal) Grasshopper (1,000 kcal) 5 Grass (10,000 kcal) 4 3 2 1 Pyramid of Energy Pyramids of energy show the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level of a food chain or food web.

  33. Pyramid of Energy

  34. Pyramid of Energy

  35. Ecological Pyramids • How is this pyramid different from the previous ones? • What could the multiple pictures of the species at each level represent?

  36. Pyramid of Biomass A pyramid of biomass illustrates the relative amount of living organic matter available at each trophic level Biomass-the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level.

  37. Pyramid of Biomass • What information would this pyramid include if it were a pyramid of biomass? • How do they get a number total for the biomass of a population?

  38. Pyramid of Biomass

  39. Pyramid of Biomass

  40. Pyramid of Numbers A pyramid of numbers shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level.

  41. Pyramid of Numbers • What information would this pyramid include if it were a pyramid of numbers? • How do they get a number total for a population of organisms?

  42. Pyramid of Numbers

  43. Pyramid of Numbers

  44. Pyramids of Aquatic Ecosystems • Numbers • Biomass • Energy Phytoplankton are microscopic and weigh very little

  45. Pyramids of Temperate Forests • Numbers • Biomass • Energy Trees are huge but not as numerous as many smaller forest creatures.

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