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SYNTHESIS The Standard Model

SYNTHESIS The Standard Model. Elementary particles Strong nuclear force Weak nuclear force The Standard Model. Known Elementary Particles of Matter . Quarks : Up (u), Down (d), Strange (s), Charm (c), Bottom (b), Top (t) Leptons : Electron (e), Muon ( μ ), Tau ( τ ),

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SYNTHESIS The Standard Model

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  1. SYNTHESIS The Standard Model • Elementary particles • Strong nuclear force • Weak nuclear force • The Standard Model

  2. Known Elementary Particles of Matter Quarks: Up (u), Down (d), Strange (s), Charm (c), Bottom (b), Top (t) Leptons: Electron (e), Muon (μ), Tau (τ), Neutrino (ν)[3 types] Known Forces of Nature • Force Carrier Particles: • QED -> Photon (γ) • Weak -> W, Z • Strong -> Gluon (g) Standard Model

  3. Strong Nuclear Force Q uantum C hromo D ynamics Binds protons and neutrons inside atomic nucleus Quarks always occur either in groups of THREE (Baryon) e.g. uud = proton, udd = neutron or quark & anti-quark (Meson) Baryons & Mesons are HADRONS: Feel the strong force

  4. Quarks are permanently confined • inside Hadrons – they have never • been isolated. • Because QCD force between quarks • does not reduce with separation • (unlike electric & gravity forces) One meson • More and more energy is • needed to separate quarks • This added energy converts to • mass (via E=mc2 ) of new quarks Two mesons

  5. Why does QCD confine quarks? Extra vertices allow force particle (gluon) itself to feel force GLUON CONDENSATE GLUON CONDENSATE

  6. Weak Nuclear Force • Cause of β radioactivity • Carried by very massive • W or Z particles (highly • improbable) Electron Neutrino NEUTRINOs • Almost massless • Very weak interactions

  7. Origin of Mass Higgs Condensate All particles really massless! Slowed down from c by interacting with Higgs Only appear to have mass. Higgs particles directly created in 2012

  8. STANDARD MODEL of particle physics Describes all matter and forces (except gravity)

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